sqlglot.dialects.mysql

   1from __future__ import annotations
   2
   3import typing as t
   4
   5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
   6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
   7    Dialect,
   8    NormalizationStrategy,
   9    arrow_json_extract_sql,
  10    date_add_interval_sql,
  11    datestrtodate_sql,
  12    build_formatted_time,
  13    isnull_to_is_null,
  14    length_or_char_length_sql,
  15    max_or_greatest,
  16    min_or_least,
  17    no_ilike_sql,
  18    no_paren_current_date_sql,
  19    no_pivot_sql,
  20    no_tablesample_sql,
  21    no_trycast_sql,
  22    build_date_delta,
  23    build_date_delta_with_interval,
  24    rename_func,
  25    strposition_sql,
  26    unit_to_var,
  27    trim_sql,
  28    timestrtotime_sql,
  29)
  30from sqlglot.generator import unsupported_args
  31from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
  32from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
  33
  34
  35def _show_parser(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[MySQL.Parser], exp.Show]:
  36    def _parse(self: MySQL.Parser) -> exp.Show:
  37        return self._parse_show_mysql(*args, **kwargs)
  38
  39    return _parse
  40
  41
  42def _date_trunc_sql(self: MySQL.Generator, expression: exp.DateTrunc) -> str:
  43    expr = self.sql(expression, "this")
  44    unit = expression.text("unit").upper()
  45
  46    if unit == "WEEK":
  47        concat = f"CONCAT(YEAR({expr}), ' ', WEEK({expr}, 1), ' 1')"
  48        date_format = "%Y %u %w"
  49    elif unit == "MONTH":
  50        concat = f"CONCAT(YEAR({expr}), ' ', MONTH({expr}), ' 1')"
  51        date_format = "%Y %c %e"
  52    elif unit == "QUARTER":
  53        concat = f"CONCAT(YEAR({expr}), ' ', QUARTER({expr}) * 3 - 2, ' 1')"
  54        date_format = "%Y %c %e"
  55    elif unit == "YEAR":
  56        concat = f"CONCAT(YEAR({expr}), ' 1 1')"
  57        date_format = "%Y %c %e"
  58    else:
  59        if unit != "DAY":
  60            self.unsupported(f"Unexpected interval unit: {unit}")
  61        return self.func("DATE", expr)
  62
  63    return self.func("STR_TO_DATE", concat, f"'{date_format}'")
  64
  65
  66# All specifiers for time parts (as opposed to date parts)
  67# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_date-format
  68TIME_SPECIFIERS = {"f", "H", "h", "I", "i", "k", "l", "p", "r", "S", "s", "T"}
  69
  70
  71def _has_time_specifier(date_format: str) -> bool:
  72    i = 0
  73    length = len(date_format)
  74
  75    while i < length:
  76        if date_format[i] == "%":
  77            i += 1
  78            if i < length and date_format[i] in TIME_SPECIFIERS:
  79                return True
  80        i += 1
  81    return False
  82
  83
  84def _str_to_date(args: t.List) -> exp.StrToDate | exp.StrToTime:
  85    mysql_date_format = seq_get(args, 1)
  86    date_format = MySQL.format_time(mysql_date_format)
  87    this = seq_get(args, 0)
  88
  89    if mysql_date_format and _has_time_specifier(mysql_date_format.name):
  90        return exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=date_format)
  91
  92    return exp.StrToDate(this=this, format=date_format)
  93
  94
  95def _str_to_date_sql(
  96    self: MySQL.Generator, expression: exp.StrToDate | exp.StrToTime | exp.TsOrDsToDate
  97) -> str:
  98    return self.func("STR_TO_DATE", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))
  99
 100
 101def _unix_to_time_sql(self: MySQL.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
 102    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
 103    timestamp = expression.this
 104
 105    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
 106        return self.func("FROM_UNIXTIME", timestamp, self.format_time(expression))
 107
 108    return self.func(
 109        "FROM_UNIXTIME",
 110        exp.Div(this=timestamp, expression=exp.func("POW", 10, scale)),
 111        self.format_time(expression),
 112    )
 113
 114
 115def date_add_sql(
 116    kind: str,
 117) -> t.Callable[[generator.Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
 118    def func(self: generator.Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
 119        return self.func(
 120            f"DATE_{kind}",
 121            expression.this,
 122            exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression)),
 123        )
 124
 125    return func
 126
 127
 128def _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(self: MySQL.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str:
 129    time_format = expression.args.get("format")
 130    return _str_to_date_sql(self, expression) if time_format else self.func("DATE", expression.this)
 131
 132
 133def _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(
 134    to_sql: t.Optional[t.Callable[[MySQL.Generator, exp.Expression], str]] = None,
 135    args: t.Tuple[str, ...] = ("this",),
 136) -> t.Callable[[MySQL.Generator, exp.Func], str]:
 137    def func(self: MySQL.Generator, expression: exp.Func) -> str:
 138        for arg_key in args:
 139            arg = expression.args.get(arg_key)
 140            if isinstance(arg, exp.TsOrDsToDate) and not arg.args.get("format"):
 141                expression.set(arg_key, arg.this)
 142
 143        return to_sql(self, expression) if to_sql else self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
 144
 145    return func
 146
 147
 148class MySQL(Dialect):
 149    PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE = True
 150
 151    # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/identifiers.html
 152    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = True
 153
 154    # We default to treating all identifiers as case-sensitive, since it matches MySQL's
 155    # behavior on Linux systems. For MacOS and Windows systems, one can override this
 156    # setting by specifying `dialect="mysql, normalization_strategy = lowercase"`.
 157    #
 158    # See also https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.2/en/identifier-case-sensitivity.html
 159    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
 160
 161    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %T'"
 162    DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = False
 163    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
 164    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
 165    SAFE_DIVISION = True
 166
 167    # https://prestodb.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html#mysql-date-functions
 168    TIME_MAPPING = {
 169        "%M": "%B",
 170        "%c": "%-m",
 171        "%e": "%-d",
 172        "%h": "%I",
 173        "%i": "%M",
 174        "%s": "%S",
 175        "%u": "%W",
 176        "%k": "%-H",
 177        "%l": "%-I",
 178        "%T": "%H:%M:%S",
 179        "%W": "%A",
 180    }
 181
 182    VALID_INTERVAL_UNITS = {
 183        *Dialect.VALID_INTERVAL_UNITS,
 184        "SECOND_MICROSECOND",
 185        "MINUTE_MICROSECOND",
 186        "MINUTE_SECOND",
 187        "HOUR_MICROSECOND",
 188        "HOUR_SECOND",
 189        "HOUR_MINUTE",
 190        "DAY_MICROSECOND",
 191        "DAY_SECOND",
 192        "DAY_MINUTE",
 193        "DAY_HOUR",
 194        "YEAR_MONTH",
 195    }
 196
 197    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
 198        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
 199        COMMENTS = ["--", "#", ("/*", "*/")]
 200        IDENTIFIERS = ["`"]
 201        STRING_ESCAPES = ["'", '"', "\\"]
 202        BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'"), ("0b", "")]
 203        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'"), ("0x", "")]
 204
 205        NESTED_COMMENTS = False
 206
 207        KEYWORDS = {
 208            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
 209            "BLOB": TokenType.BLOB,
 210            "CHARSET": TokenType.CHARACTER_SET,
 211            "DISTINCTROW": TokenType.DISTINCT,
 212            "EXPLAIN": TokenType.DESCRIBE,
 213            "FORCE": TokenType.FORCE,
 214            "IGNORE": TokenType.IGNORE,
 215            "KEY": TokenType.KEY,
 216            "LOCK TABLES": TokenType.COMMAND,
 217            "LONGBLOB": TokenType.LONGBLOB,
 218            "LONGTEXT": TokenType.LONGTEXT,
 219            "MEDIUMBLOB": TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB,
 220            "MEDIUMINT": TokenType.MEDIUMINT,
 221            "MEDIUMTEXT": TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT,
 222            "MEMBER OF": TokenType.MEMBER_OF,
 223            "MOD": TokenType.MOD,
 224            "SEPARATOR": TokenType.SEPARATOR,
 225            "SERIAL": TokenType.SERIAL,
 226            "SIGNED": TokenType.BIGINT,
 227            "SIGNED INTEGER": TokenType.BIGINT,
 228            "SOUNDS LIKE": TokenType.SOUNDS_LIKE,
 229            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
 230            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 231            "TINYBLOB": TokenType.TINYBLOB,
 232            "TINYTEXT": TokenType.TINYTEXT,
 233            "UNLOCK TABLES": TokenType.COMMAND,
 234            "UNSIGNED": TokenType.UBIGINT,
 235            "UNSIGNED INTEGER": TokenType.UBIGINT,
 236            "YEAR": TokenType.YEAR,
 237            "_ARMSCII8": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 238            "_ASCII": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 239            "_BIG5": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 240            "_BINARY": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 241            "_CP1250": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 242            "_CP1251": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 243            "_CP1256": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 244            "_CP1257": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 245            "_CP850": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 246            "_CP852": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 247            "_CP866": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 248            "_CP932": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 249            "_DEC8": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 250            "_EUCJPMS": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 251            "_EUCKR": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 252            "_GB18030": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 253            "_GB2312": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 254            "_GBK": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 255            "_GEOSTD8": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 256            "_GREEK": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 257            "_HEBREW": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 258            "_HP8": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 259            "_KEYBCS2": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 260            "_KOI8R": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 261            "_KOI8U": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 262            "_LATIN1": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 263            "_LATIN2": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 264            "_LATIN5": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 265            "_LATIN7": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 266            "_MACCE": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 267            "_MACROMAN": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 268            "_SJIS": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 269            "_SWE7": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 270            "_TIS620": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 271            "_UCS2": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 272            "_UJIS": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 273            # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/string-literals.html
 274            "_UTF8": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 275            "_UTF16": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 276            "_UTF16LE": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 277            "_UTF32": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 278            "_UTF8MB3": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 279            "_UTF8MB4": TokenType.INTRODUCER,
 280            "@@": TokenType.SESSION_PARAMETER,
 281        }
 282
 283        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.REPLACE} - {TokenType.SHOW}
 284
 285    class Parser(parser.Parser):
 286        FUNC_TOKENS = {
 287            *parser.Parser.FUNC_TOKENS,
 288            TokenType.DATABASE,
 289            TokenType.MOD,
 290            TokenType.SCHEMA,
 291            TokenType.VALUES,
 292        }
 293
 294        CONJUNCTION = {
 295            **parser.Parser.CONJUNCTION,
 296            TokenType.DAMP: exp.And,
 297            TokenType.XOR: exp.Xor,
 298        }
 299
 300        DISJUNCTION = {
 301            **parser.Parser.DISJUNCTION,
 302            TokenType.DPIPE: exp.Or,
 303        }
 304
 305        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = (
 306            parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - parser.Parser.TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
 307        )
 308
 309        RANGE_PARSERS = {
 310            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
 311            TokenType.SOUNDS_LIKE: lambda self, this: self.expression(
 312                exp.EQ,
 313                this=self.expression(exp.Soundex, this=this),
 314                expression=self.expression(exp.Soundex, this=self._parse_term()),
 315            ),
 316            TokenType.MEMBER_OF: lambda self, this: self.expression(
 317                exp.JSONArrayContains,
 318                this=this,
 319                expression=self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_expression),
 320            ),
 321        }
 322
 323        FUNCTIONS = {
 324            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 325            "BIT_AND": exp.BitwiseAndAgg.from_arg_list,
 326            "BIT_OR": exp.BitwiseOrAgg.from_arg_list,
 327            "BIT_XOR": exp.BitwiseXorAgg.from_arg_list,
 328            "BIT_COUNT": exp.BitwiseCountAgg.from_arg_list,
 329            "CONVERT_TZ": lambda args: exp.ConvertTimezone(
 330                source_tz=seq_get(args, 1), target_tz=seq_get(args, 2), timestamp=seq_get(args, 0)
 331            ),
 332            "CURDATE": exp.CurrentDate.from_arg_list,
 333            "DATE": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
 334            "DATE_ADD": build_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateAdd),
 335            "DATE_FORMAT": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "mysql"),
 336            "DATE_SUB": build_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateSub),
 337            "DAY": lambda args: exp.Day(this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))),
 338            "DAYOFMONTH": lambda args: exp.DayOfMonth(this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))),
 339            "DAYOFWEEK": lambda args: exp.DayOfWeek(this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))),
 340            "DAYOFYEAR": lambda args: exp.DayOfYear(this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))),
 341            "FORMAT": exp.NumberToStr.from_arg_list,
 342            "FROM_UNIXTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.UnixToTime, "mysql"),
 343            "ISNULL": isnull_to_is_null,
 344            "LENGTH": lambda args: exp.Length(this=seq_get(args, 0), binary=True),
 345            "MAKETIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
 346            "MONTH": lambda args: exp.Month(this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))),
 347            "MONTHNAME": lambda args: exp.TimeToStr(
 348                this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
 349                format=exp.Literal.string("%B"),
 350            ),
 351            "SCHEMA": exp.CurrentSchema.from_arg_list,
 352            "DATABASE": exp.CurrentSchema.from_arg_list,
 353            "STR_TO_DATE": _str_to_date,
 354            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": build_date_delta(exp.TimestampDiff),
 355            "TO_DAYS": lambda args: exp.paren(
 356                exp.DateDiff(
 357                    this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
 358                    expression=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=exp.Literal.string("0000-01-01")),
 359                    unit=exp.var("DAY"),
 360                )
 361                + 1
 362            ),
 363            "WEEK": lambda args: exp.Week(
 364                this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0)), mode=seq_get(args, 1)
 365            ),
 366            "WEEKOFYEAR": lambda args: exp.WeekOfYear(this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))),
 367            "YEAR": lambda args: exp.Year(this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))),
 368        }
 369
 370        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 371            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 372            "CHAR": lambda self: self.expression(
 373                exp.Chr,
 374                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment),
 375                charset=self._match(TokenType.USING) and self._parse_var(),
 376            ),
 377            "GROUP_CONCAT": lambda self: self._parse_group_concat(),
 378            # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/miscellaneous-functions.html#function_values
 379            "VALUES": lambda self: self.expression(
 380                exp.Anonymous, this="VALUES", expressions=[self._parse_id_var()]
 381            ),
 382            "JSON_VALUE": lambda self: self._parse_json_value(),
 383            "SUBSTR": lambda self: self._parse_substring(),
 384        }
 385
 386        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
 387            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
 388            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
 389        }
 390
 391        SHOW_PARSERS = {
 392            "BINARY LOGS": _show_parser("BINARY LOGS"),
 393            "MASTER LOGS": _show_parser("BINARY LOGS"),
 394            "BINLOG EVENTS": _show_parser("BINLOG EVENTS"),
 395            "CHARACTER SET": _show_parser("CHARACTER SET"),
 396            "CHARSET": _show_parser("CHARACTER SET"),
 397            "COLLATION": _show_parser("COLLATION"),
 398            "FULL COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS", target="FROM", full=True),
 399            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS", target="FROM"),
 400            "CREATE DATABASE": _show_parser("CREATE DATABASE", target=True),
 401            "CREATE EVENT": _show_parser("CREATE EVENT", target=True),
 402            "CREATE FUNCTION": _show_parser("CREATE FUNCTION", target=True),
 403            "CREATE PROCEDURE": _show_parser("CREATE PROCEDURE", target=True),
 404            "CREATE TABLE": _show_parser("CREATE TABLE", target=True),
 405            "CREATE TRIGGER": _show_parser("CREATE TRIGGER", target=True),
 406            "CREATE VIEW": _show_parser("CREATE VIEW", target=True),
 407            "DATABASES": _show_parser("DATABASES"),
 408            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("DATABASES"),
 409            "ENGINE": _show_parser("ENGINE", target=True),
 410            "STORAGE ENGINES": _show_parser("ENGINES"),
 411            "ENGINES": _show_parser("ENGINES"),
 412            "ERRORS": _show_parser("ERRORS"),
 413            "EVENTS": _show_parser("EVENTS"),
 414            "FUNCTION CODE": _show_parser("FUNCTION CODE", target=True),
 415            "FUNCTION STATUS": _show_parser("FUNCTION STATUS"),
 416            "GRANTS": _show_parser("GRANTS", target="FOR"),
 417            "INDEX": _show_parser("INDEX", target="FROM"),
 418            "MASTER STATUS": _show_parser("MASTER STATUS"),
 419            "OPEN TABLES": _show_parser("OPEN TABLES"),
 420            "PLUGINS": _show_parser("PLUGINS"),
 421            "PROCEDURE CODE": _show_parser("PROCEDURE CODE", target=True),
 422            "PROCEDURE STATUS": _show_parser("PROCEDURE STATUS"),
 423            "PRIVILEGES": _show_parser("PRIVILEGES"),
 424            "FULL PROCESSLIST": _show_parser("PROCESSLIST", full=True),
 425            "PROCESSLIST": _show_parser("PROCESSLIST"),
 426            "PROFILE": _show_parser("PROFILE"),
 427            "PROFILES": _show_parser("PROFILES"),
 428            "RELAYLOG EVENTS": _show_parser("RELAYLOG EVENTS"),
 429            "REPLICAS": _show_parser("REPLICAS"),
 430            "SLAVE HOSTS": _show_parser("REPLICAS"),
 431            "REPLICA STATUS": _show_parser("REPLICA STATUS"),
 432            "SLAVE STATUS": _show_parser("REPLICA STATUS"),
 433            "GLOBAL STATUS": _show_parser("STATUS", global_=True),
 434            "SESSION STATUS": _show_parser("STATUS"),
 435            "STATUS": _show_parser("STATUS"),
 436            "TABLE STATUS": _show_parser("TABLE STATUS"),
 437            "FULL TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES", full=True),
 438            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
 439            "TRIGGERS": _show_parser("TRIGGERS"),
 440            "GLOBAL VARIABLES": _show_parser("VARIABLES", global_=True),
 441            "SESSION VARIABLES": _show_parser("VARIABLES"),
 442            "VARIABLES": _show_parser("VARIABLES"),
 443            "WARNINGS": _show_parser("WARNINGS"),
 444        }
 445
 446        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
 447            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
 448            "LOCK": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.LockProperty),
 449        }
 450
 451        SET_PARSERS = {
 452            **parser.Parser.SET_PARSERS,
 453            "PERSIST": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_assignment("PERSIST"),
 454            "PERSIST_ONLY": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_assignment("PERSIST_ONLY"),
 455            "CHARACTER SET": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_charset("CHARACTER SET"),
 456            "CHARSET": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_charset("CHARACTER SET"),
 457            "NAMES": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_names(),
 458        }
 459
 460        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
 461            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
 462            "FULLTEXT": lambda self: self._parse_index_constraint(kind="FULLTEXT"),
 463            "INDEX": lambda self: self._parse_index_constraint(),
 464            "KEY": lambda self: self._parse_index_constraint(),
 465            "SPATIAL": lambda self: self._parse_index_constraint(kind="SPATIAL"),
 466        }
 467
 468        ALTER_PARSERS = {
 469            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
 470            "MODIFY": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_alter(),
 471        }
 472
 473        ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS = {
 474            **parser.Parser.ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS,
 475            "INDEX": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_alter_index(),
 476        }
 477
 478        SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS = {
 479            *parser.Parser.SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS,
 480            "FULLTEXT",
 481            "INDEX",
 482            "KEY",
 483            "SPATIAL",
 484        }
 485
 486        PROFILE_TYPES: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = {
 487            **dict.fromkeys(("ALL", "CPU", "IPC", "MEMORY", "SOURCE", "SWAPS"), tuple()),
 488            "BLOCK": ("IO",),
 489            "CONTEXT": ("SWITCHES",),
 490            "PAGE": ("FAULTS",),
 491        }
 492
 493        TYPE_TOKENS = {
 494            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
 495            TokenType.SET,
 496        }
 497
 498        ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS = {
 499            *parser.Parser.ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS,
 500            TokenType.SET,
 501        }
 502
 503        # SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW ] [ <OPERATION_MODIFIERS> ]
 504        OPERATION_MODIFIERS = {
 505            "HIGH_PRIORITY",
 506            "STRAIGHT_JOIN",
 507            "SQL_SMALL_RESULT",
 508            "SQL_BIG_RESULT",
 509            "SQL_BUFFER_RESULT",
 510            "SQL_NO_CACHE",
 511            "SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS",
 512        }
 513
 514        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
 515        STRING_ALIASES = True
 516        VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
 517        SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION = True
 518
 519        def _parse_generated_as_identity(
 520            self,
 521        ) -> (
 522            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
 523            | exp.ComputedColumnConstraint
 524            | exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint
 525        ):
 526            this = super()._parse_generated_as_identity()
 527
 528            if self._match_texts(("STORED", "VIRTUAL")):
 529                persisted = self._prev.text.upper() == "STORED"
 530
 531                if isinstance(this, exp.ComputedColumnConstraint):
 532                    this.set("persisted", persisted)
 533                elif isinstance(this, exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint):
 534                    this = self.expression(
 535                        exp.ComputedColumnConstraint, this=this.expression, persisted=persisted
 536                    )
 537
 538            return this
 539
 540        def _parse_primary_key_part(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 541            this = self._parse_id_var()
 542            if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
 543                return this
 544
 545            expression = self._parse_number()
 546            self._match_r_paren()
 547            return self.expression(exp.ColumnPrefix, this=this, expression=expression)
 548
 549        def _parse_index_constraint(
 550            self, kind: t.Optional[str] = None
 551        ) -> exp.IndexColumnConstraint:
 552            if kind:
 553                self._match_texts(("INDEX", "KEY"))
 554
 555            this = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)
 556            index_type = self._match(TokenType.USING) and self._advance_any() and self._prev.text
 557            expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_ordered)
 558
 559            options = []
 560            while True:
 561                if self._match_text_seq("KEY_BLOCK_SIZE"):
 562                    self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 563                    opt = exp.IndexConstraintOption(key_block_size=self._parse_number())
 564                elif self._match(TokenType.USING):
 565                    opt = exp.IndexConstraintOption(using=self._advance_any() and self._prev.text)
 566                elif self._match_text_seq("WITH", "PARSER"):
 567                    opt = exp.IndexConstraintOption(parser=self._parse_var(any_token=True))
 568                elif self._match(TokenType.COMMENT):
 569                    opt = exp.IndexConstraintOption(comment=self._parse_string())
 570                elif self._match_text_seq("VISIBLE"):
 571                    opt = exp.IndexConstraintOption(visible=True)
 572                elif self._match_text_seq("INVISIBLE"):
 573                    opt = exp.IndexConstraintOption(visible=False)
 574                elif self._match_text_seq("ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE"):
 575                    self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 576                    opt = exp.IndexConstraintOption(engine_attr=self._parse_string())
 577                elif self._match_text_seq("SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE"):
 578                    self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 579                    opt = exp.IndexConstraintOption(secondary_engine_attr=self._parse_string())
 580                else:
 581                    opt = None
 582
 583                if not opt:
 584                    break
 585
 586                options.append(opt)
 587
 588            return self.expression(
 589                exp.IndexColumnConstraint,
 590                this=this,
 591                expressions=expressions,
 592                kind=kind,
 593                index_type=index_type,
 594                options=options,
 595            )
 596
 597        def _parse_show_mysql(
 598            self,
 599            this: str,
 600            target: bool | str = False,
 601            full: t.Optional[bool] = None,
 602            global_: t.Optional[bool] = None,
 603        ) -> exp.Show:
 604            json = self._match_text_seq("JSON")
 605
 606            if target:
 607                if isinstance(target, str):
 608                    self._match_text_seq(*target.split(" "))
 609                target_id = self._parse_id_var()
 610            else:
 611                target_id = None
 612
 613            log = self._parse_string() if self._match_text_seq("IN") else None
 614
 615            if this in ("BINLOG EVENTS", "RELAYLOG EVENTS"):
 616                position = self._parse_number() if self._match_text_seq("FROM") else None
 617                db = None
 618            else:
 619                position = None
 620                db = None
 621
 622                if self._match(TokenType.FROM):
 623                    db = self._parse_id_var()
 624                elif self._match(TokenType.DOT):
 625                    db = target_id
 626                    target_id = self._parse_id_var()
 627
 628            channel = self._parse_id_var() if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "CHANNEL") else None
 629
 630            like = self._parse_string() if self._match_text_seq("LIKE") else None
 631            where = self._parse_where()
 632
 633            if this == "PROFILE":
 634                types = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_var_from_options(self.PROFILE_TYPES))
 635                query = self._parse_number() if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "QUERY") else None
 636                offset = self._parse_number() if self._match_text_seq("OFFSET") else None
 637                limit = self._parse_number() if self._match_text_seq("LIMIT") else None
 638            else:
 639                types, query = None, None
 640                offset, limit = self._parse_oldstyle_limit()
 641
 642            mutex = True if self._match_text_seq("MUTEX") else None
 643            mutex = False if self._match_text_seq("STATUS") else mutex
 644
 645            for_table = self._parse_id_var() if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "TABLE") else None
 646            for_group = self._parse_string() if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "GROUP") else None
 647            for_user = self._parse_string() if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "USER") else None
 648            for_role = self._parse_string() if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "ROLE") else None
 649            into_outfile = self._parse_string() if self._match_text_seq("INTO", "OUTFILE") else None
 650
 651            return self.expression(
 652                exp.Show,
 653                this=this,
 654                target=target_id,
 655                full=full,
 656                log=log,
 657                position=position,
 658                db=db,
 659                channel=channel,
 660                like=like,
 661                where=where,
 662                types=types,
 663                query=query,
 664                offset=offset,
 665                limit=limit,
 666                mutex=mutex,
 667                for_table=for_table,
 668                for_group=for_group,
 669                for_user=for_user,
 670                for_role=for_role,
 671                into_outfile=into_outfile,
 672                json=json,
 673                **{"global": global_},  # type: ignore
 674            )
 675
 676        def _parse_oldstyle_limit(
 677            self,
 678        ) -> t.Tuple[t.Optional[exp.Expression], t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
 679            limit = None
 680            offset = None
 681            if self._match_text_seq("LIMIT"):
 682                parts = self._parse_csv(self._parse_number)
 683                if len(parts) == 1:
 684                    limit = parts[0]
 685                elif len(parts) == 2:
 686                    limit = parts[1]
 687                    offset = parts[0]
 688
 689            return offset, limit
 690
 691        def _parse_set_item_charset(self, kind: str) -> exp.Expression:
 692            this = self._parse_string() or self._parse_unquoted_field()
 693            return self.expression(exp.SetItem, this=this, kind=kind)
 694
 695        def _parse_set_item_names(self) -> exp.Expression:
 696            charset = self._parse_string() or self._parse_unquoted_field()
 697            if self._match_text_seq("COLLATE"):
 698                collate = self._parse_string() or self._parse_unquoted_field()
 699            else:
 700                collate = None
 701
 702            return self.expression(exp.SetItem, this=charset, collate=collate, kind="NAMES")
 703
 704        def _parse_type(
 705            self, parse_interval: bool = True, fallback_to_identifier: bool = False
 706        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 707            # mysql binary is special and can work anywhere, even in order by operations
 708            # it operates like a no paren func
 709            if self._match(TokenType.BINARY, advance=False):
 710                data_type = self._parse_types(check_func=True, allow_identifiers=False)
 711
 712                if isinstance(data_type, exp.DataType):
 713                    return self.expression(exp.Cast, this=self._parse_column(), to=data_type)
 714
 715            return super()._parse_type(
 716                parse_interval=parse_interval, fallback_to_identifier=fallback_to_identifier
 717            )
 718
 719        def _parse_alter_table_alter_index(self) -> exp.AlterIndex:
 720            index = self._parse_field(any_token=True)
 721
 722            if self._match_text_seq("VISIBLE"):
 723                visible = True
 724            elif self._match_text_seq("INVISIBLE"):
 725                visible = False
 726            else:
 727                visible = None
 728
 729            return self.expression(exp.AlterIndex, this=index, visible=visible)
 730
 731    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 732        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
 733        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
 734        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: t.Optional[bool] = None
 735        JOIN_HINTS = False
 736        TABLE_HINTS = True
 737        DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET = False
 738        QUERY_HINT_SEP = " "
 739        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
 740        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
 741        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
 742        JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True
 743        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
 744        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
 745        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
 746        PARSE_JSON_NAME: t.Optional[str] = None
 747        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
 748        WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES = False
 749        VARCHAR_REQUIRES_SIZE = True
 750        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
 751
 752        TRANSFORMS = {
 753            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 754            exp.ArrayAgg: rename_func("GROUP_CONCAT"),
 755            exp.BitwiseAndAgg: rename_func("BIT_AND"),
 756            exp.BitwiseOrAgg: rename_func("BIT_OR"),
 757            exp.BitwiseXorAgg: rename_func("BIT_XOR"),
 758            exp.BitwiseCountAgg: rename_func("BIT_COUNT"),
 759            exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
 760            exp.DateDiff: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(
 761                lambda self, e: self.func("DATEDIFF", e.this, e.expression), ("this", "expression")
 762            ),
 763            exp.DateAdd: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(date_add_sql("ADD")),
 764            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
 765            exp.DateSub: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(date_add_sql("SUB")),
 766            exp.DateTrunc: _date_trunc_sql,
 767            exp.Day: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(),
 768            exp.DayOfMonth: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(rename_func("DAYOFMONTH")),
 769            exp.DayOfWeek: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(rename_func("DAYOFWEEK")),
 770            exp.DayOfYear: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(rename_func("DAYOFYEAR")),
 771            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self,
 772            e: f"""GROUP_CONCAT({self.sql(e, "this")} SEPARATOR {self.sql(e, "separator") or "','"})""",
 773            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
 774            exp.JSONExtractScalar: arrow_json_extract_sql,
 775            exp.Length: length_or_char_length_sql,
 776            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("MAX"),
 777            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("MIN"),
 778            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 779            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 780            exp.Month: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(),
 781            exp.NullSafeEQ: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "<=>"),
 782            exp.NullSafeNEQ: lambda self, e: f"NOT {self.binary(e, '<=>')}",
 783            exp.NumberToStr: rename_func("FORMAT"),
 784            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
 785            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 786                [
 787                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 788                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 789                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
 790                    transforms.eliminate_full_outer_join,
 791                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
 792                ]
 793            ),
 794            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(
 795                self, e, func_name="LOCATE", supports_position=True
 796            ),
 797            exp.StrToDate: _str_to_date_sql,
 798            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_date_sql,
 799            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
 800            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
 801            exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("MAKETIME"),
 802            exp.TimestampAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
 803            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
 804                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", unit_to_var(e), e.expression, e.this
 805            ),
 806            exp.TimestampSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "SUB"),
 807            exp.TimeStrToUnix: rename_func("UNIX_TIMESTAMP"),
 808            exp.TimeStrToTime: lambda self, e: timestrtotime_sql(
 809                self,
 810                e,
 811                include_precision=not e.args.get("zone"),
 812            ),
 813            exp.TimeToStr: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(
 814                lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e))
 815            ),
 816            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
 817            exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
 818            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_add_sql("ADD"),
 819            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func("DATEDIFF", e.this, e.expression),
 820            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
 821            exp.Unicode: lambda self, e: f"ORD(CONVERT({self.sql(e.this)} USING utf32))",
 822            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
 823            exp.Week: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(),
 824            exp.WeekOfYear: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR")),
 825            exp.Year: _remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(),
 826            exp.UtcTimestamp: rename_func("UTC_TIMESTAMP"),
 827            exp.UtcTime: rename_func("UTC_TIME"),
 828        }
 829
 830        UNSIGNED_TYPE_MAPPING = {
 831            exp.DataType.Type.UBIGINT: "BIGINT",
 832            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "INT",
 833            exp.DataType.Type.UMEDIUMINT: "MEDIUMINT",
 834            exp.DataType.Type.USMALLINT: "SMALLINT",
 835            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
 836            exp.DataType.Type.UDECIMAL: "DECIMAL",
 837            exp.DataType.Type.UDOUBLE: "DOUBLE",
 838        }
 839
 840        TIMESTAMP_TYPE_MAPPING = {
 841            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2: "DATETIME",
 842            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLDATETIME: "DATETIME",
 843            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME",
 844            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "DATETIME",
 845            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
 846            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
 847        }
 848
 849        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 850            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 851            **UNSIGNED_TYPE_MAPPING,
 852            **TIMESTAMP_TYPE_MAPPING,
 853        }
 854
 855        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT)
 856        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT)
 857        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.TINYTEXT)
 858        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.BLOB)
 859        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB)
 860        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB)
 861        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.TINYBLOB)
 862
 863        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
 864            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
 865            exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 866            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 867        }
 868
 869        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
 870
 871        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
 872
 873        CHAR_CAST_MAPPING = dict.fromkeys(
 874            (
 875                exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT,
 876                exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB,
 877                exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB,
 878                exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT,
 879                exp.DataType.Type.TEXT,
 880                exp.DataType.Type.TINYBLOB,
 881                exp.DataType.Type.TINYTEXT,
 882                exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR,
 883            ),
 884            "CHAR",
 885        )
 886        SIGNED_CAST_MAPPING = dict.fromkeys(
 887            (
 888                exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT,
 889                exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN,
 890                exp.DataType.Type.INT,
 891                exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT,
 892                exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT,
 893                exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMINT,
 894            ),
 895            "SIGNED",
 896        )
 897
 898        # MySQL doesn't support many datatypes in cast.
 899        # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/cast-functions.html#function_cast
 900        CAST_MAPPING = {
 901            **CHAR_CAST_MAPPING,
 902            **SIGNED_CAST_MAPPING,
 903            exp.DataType.Type.UBIGINT: "UNSIGNED",
 904        }
 905
 906        TIMESTAMP_FUNC_TYPES = {
 907            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 908            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
 909        }
 910
 911        # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/keywords.html
 912        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
 913            "accessible",
 914            "add",
 915            "all",
 916            "alter",
 917            "analyze",
 918            "and",
 919            "as",
 920            "asc",
 921            "asensitive",
 922            "before",
 923            "between",
 924            "bigint",
 925            "binary",
 926            "blob",
 927            "both",
 928            "by",
 929            "call",
 930            "cascade",
 931            "case",
 932            "change",
 933            "char",
 934            "character",
 935            "check",
 936            "collate",
 937            "column",
 938            "condition",
 939            "constraint",
 940            "continue",
 941            "convert",
 942            "create",
 943            "cross",
 944            "cube",
 945            "cume_dist",
 946            "current_date",
 947            "current_time",
 948            "current_timestamp",
 949            "current_user",
 950            "cursor",
 951            "database",
 952            "databases",
 953            "day_hour",
 954            "day_microsecond",
 955            "day_minute",
 956            "day_second",
 957            "dec",
 958            "decimal",
 959            "declare",
 960            "default",
 961            "delayed",
 962            "delete",
 963            "dense_rank",
 964            "desc",
 965            "describe",
 966            "deterministic",
 967            "distinct",
 968            "distinctrow",
 969            "div",
 970            "double",
 971            "drop",
 972            "dual",
 973            "each",
 974            "else",
 975            "elseif",
 976            "empty",
 977            "enclosed",
 978            "escaped",
 979            "except",
 980            "exists",
 981            "exit",
 982            "explain",
 983            "false",
 984            "fetch",
 985            "first_value",
 986            "float",
 987            "float4",
 988            "float8",
 989            "for",
 990            "force",
 991            "foreign",
 992            "from",
 993            "fulltext",
 994            "function",
 995            "generated",
 996            "get",
 997            "grant",
 998            "group",
 999            "grouping",
1000            "groups",
1001            "having",
1002            "high_priority",
1003            "hour_microsecond",
1004            "hour_minute",
1005            "hour_second",
1006            "if",
1007            "ignore",
1008            "in",
1009            "index",
1010            "infile",
1011            "inner",
1012            "inout",
1013            "insensitive",
1014            "insert",
1015            "int",
1016            "int1",
1017            "int2",
1018            "int3",
1019            "int4",
1020            "int8",
1021            "integer",
1022            "intersect",
1023            "interval",
1024            "into",
1025            "io_after_gtids",
1026            "io_before_gtids",
1027            "is",
1028            "iterate",
1029            "join",
1030            "json_table",
1031            "key",
1032            "keys",
1033            "kill",
1034            "lag",
1035            "last_value",
1036            "lateral",
1037            "lead",
1038            "leading",
1039            "leave",
1040            "left",
1041            "like",
1042            "limit",
1043            "linear",
1044            "lines",
1045            "load",
1046            "localtime",
1047            "localtimestamp",
1048            "lock",
1049            "long",
1050            "longblob",
1051            "longtext",
1052            "loop",
1053            "low_priority",
1054            "master_bind",
1055            "master_ssl_verify_server_cert",
1056            "match",
1057            "maxvalue",
1058            "mediumblob",
1059            "mediumint",
1060            "mediumtext",
1061            "middleint",
1062            "minute_microsecond",
1063            "minute_second",
1064            "mod",
1065            "modifies",
1066            "natural",
1067            "not",
1068            "no_write_to_binlog",
1069            "nth_value",
1070            "ntile",
1071            "null",
1072            "numeric",
1073            "of",
1074            "on",
1075            "optimize",
1076            "optimizer_costs",
1077            "option",
1078            "optionally",
1079            "or",
1080            "order",
1081            "out",
1082            "outer",
1083            "outfile",
1084            "over",
1085            "partition",
1086            "percent_rank",
1087            "precision",
1088            "primary",
1089            "procedure",
1090            "purge",
1091            "range",
1092            "rank",
1093            "read",
1094            "reads",
1095            "read_write",
1096            "real",
1097            "recursive",
1098            "references",
1099            "regexp",
1100            "release",
1101            "rename",
1102            "repeat",
1103            "replace",
1104            "require",
1105            "resignal",
1106            "restrict",
1107            "return",
1108            "revoke",
1109            "right",
1110            "rlike",
1111            "row",
1112            "rows",
1113            "row_number",
1114            "schema",
1115            "schemas",
1116            "second_microsecond",
1117            "select",
1118            "sensitive",
1119            "separator",
1120            "set",
1121            "show",
1122            "signal",
1123            "smallint",
1124            "spatial",
1125            "specific",
1126            "sql",
1127            "sqlexception",
1128            "sqlstate",
1129            "sqlwarning",
1130            "sql_big_result",
1131            "sql_calc_found_rows",
1132            "sql_small_result",
1133            "ssl",
1134            "starting",
1135            "stored",
1136            "straight_join",
1137            "system",
1138            "table",
1139            "terminated",
1140            "then",
1141            "tinyblob",
1142            "tinyint",
1143            "tinytext",
1144            "to",
1145            "trailing",
1146            "trigger",
1147            "true",
1148            "undo",
1149            "union",
1150            "unique",
1151            "unlock",
1152            "unsigned",
1153            "update",
1154            "usage",
1155            "use",
1156            "using",
1157            "utc_date",
1158            "utc_time",
1159            "utc_timestamp",
1160            "values",
1161            "varbinary",
1162            "varchar",
1163            "varcharacter",
1164            "varying",
1165            "virtual",
1166            "when",
1167            "where",
1168            "while",
1169            "window",
1170            "with",
1171            "write",
1172            "xor",
1173            "year_month",
1174            "zerofill",
1175        }
1176
1177        def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
1178            persisted = "STORED" if expression.args.get("persisted") else "VIRTUAL"
1179            return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ({self.sql(expression.this.unnest())}) {persisted}"
1180
1181        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
1182            self.unsupported("Arrays are not supported by MySQL")
1183            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
1184
1185        def arraycontainsall_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayContainsAll) -> str:
1186            self.unsupported("Array operations are not supported by MySQL")
1187            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
1188
1189        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
1190            return self.func("CONCAT", *expression.flatten())
1191
1192        def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str:
1193            unit = expression.name
1194            if unit and unit.lower() == "epoch":
1195                return self.func("UNIX_TIMESTAMP", expression.expression)
1196
1197            return super().extract_sql(expression)
1198
1199        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
1200            if (
1201                self.VARCHAR_REQUIRES_SIZE
1202                and expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
1203                and not expression.expressions
1204            ):
1205                # `VARCHAR` must always have a size - if it doesn't, we always generate `TEXT`
1206                return "TEXT"
1207
1208            # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/numeric-type-syntax.html
1209            result = super().datatype_sql(expression)
1210            if expression.this in self.UNSIGNED_TYPE_MAPPING:
1211                result = f"{result} UNSIGNED"
1212
1213            return result
1214
1215        def jsonarraycontains_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayContains) -> str:
1216            return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} MEMBER OF({self.sql(expression, 'expression')})"
1217
1218        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
1219            if expression.to.this in self.TIMESTAMP_FUNC_TYPES:
1220                return self.func("TIMESTAMP", expression.this)
1221
1222            to = self.CAST_MAPPING.get(expression.to.this)
1223
1224            if to:
1225                expression.to.set("this", to)
1226            return super().cast_sql(expression)
1227
1228        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
1229            this = f" {expression.name}"
1230            full = " FULL" if expression.args.get("full") else ""
1231            global_ = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else ""
1232
1233            target = self.sql(expression, "target")
1234            target = f" {target}" if target else ""
1235            if expression.name in ("COLUMNS", "INDEX"):
1236                target = f" FROM{target}"
1237            elif expression.name == "GRANTS":
1238                target = f" FOR{target}"
1239            elif expression.name in ("LINKS", "PARTITIONS"):
1240                target = f" ON{target}" if target else ""
1241            elif expression.name == "PROJECTIONS":
1242                target = f" ON TABLE{target}" if target else ""
1243
1244            db = self._prefixed_sql("FROM", expression, "db")
1245
1246            like = self._prefixed_sql("LIKE", expression, "like")
1247            where = self.sql(expression, "where")
1248
1249            types = self.expressions(expression, key="types")
1250            types = f" {types}" if types else types
1251            query = self._prefixed_sql("FOR QUERY", expression, "query")
1252
1253            if expression.name == "PROFILE":
1254                offset = self._prefixed_sql("OFFSET", expression, "offset")
1255                limit = self._prefixed_sql("LIMIT", expression, "limit")
1256            else:
1257                offset = ""
1258                limit = self._oldstyle_limit_sql(expression)
1259
1260            log = self._prefixed_sql("IN", expression, "log")
1261            position = self._prefixed_sql("FROM", expression, "position")
1262
1263            channel = self._prefixed_sql("FOR CHANNEL", expression, "channel")
1264
1265            if expression.name == "ENGINE":
1266                mutex_or_status = " MUTEX" if expression.args.get("mutex") else " STATUS"
1267            else:
1268                mutex_or_status = ""
1269
1270            for_table = self._prefixed_sql("FOR TABLE", expression, "for_table")
1271            for_group = self._prefixed_sql("FOR GROUP", expression, "for_group")
1272            for_user = self._prefixed_sql("FOR USER", expression, "for_user")
1273            for_role = self._prefixed_sql("FOR ROLE", expression, "for_role")
1274            into_outfile = self._prefixed_sql("INTO OUTFILE", expression, "into_outfile")
1275            json = " JSON" if expression.args.get("json") else ""
1276
1277            return f"SHOW{full}{global_}{this}{json}{target}{for_table}{types}{db}{query}{log}{position}{channel}{mutex_or_status}{like}{where}{offset}{limit}{for_group}{for_user}{for_role}{into_outfile}"
1278
1279        def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str:
1280            dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype")
1281            if not dtype:
1282                return super().altercolumn_sql(expression)
1283
1284            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1285            return f"MODIFY COLUMN {this} {dtype}"
1286
1287        def _prefixed_sql(self, prefix: str, expression: exp.Expression, arg: str) -> str:
1288            sql = self.sql(expression, arg)
1289            return f" {prefix} {sql}" if sql else ""
1290
1291        def _oldstyle_limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
1292            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
1293            offset = self.sql(expression, "offset")
1294            if limit:
1295                limit_offset = f"{offset}, {limit}" if offset else limit
1296                return f" LIMIT {limit_offset}"
1297            return ""
1298
1299        def chr_sql(self, expression: exp.Chr) -> str:
1300            this = self.expressions(sqls=[expression.this] + expression.expressions)
1301            charset = expression.args.get("charset")
1302            using = f" USING {self.sql(charset)}" if charset else ""
1303            return f"CHAR({this}{using})"
1304
1305        def timestamptrunc_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
1306            unit = expression.args.get("unit")
1307
1308            # Pick an old-enough date to avoid negative timestamp diffs
1309            start_ts = "'0000-01-01 00:00:00'"
1310
1311            # Source: https://stackoverflow.com/a/32955740
1312            timestamp_diff = build_date_delta(exp.TimestampDiff)([unit, start_ts, expression.this])
1313            interval = exp.Interval(this=timestamp_diff, unit=unit)
1314            dateadd = build_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateAdd)([start_ts, interval])
1315
1316            return self.sql(dateadd)
1317
1318        def converttimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.ConvertTimezone) -> str:
1319            from_tz = expression.args.get("source_tz")
1320            to_tz = expression.args.get("target_tz")
1321            dt = expression.args.get("timestamp")
1322
1323            return self.func("CONVERT_TZ", dt, from_tz, to_tz)
1324
1325        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
1326            self.unsupported("AT TIME ZONE is not supported by MySQL")
1327            return self.sql(expression.this)
1328
1329        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
1330            return f"REGEXP_LIKE({self.sql(expression.this)}, '^[[:ascii:]]*$')"
1331
1332        @unsupported_args("this")
1333        def currentschema_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentSchema) -> str:
1334            return self.func("SCHEMA")