sqlglot.dialects.tsql

   1from __future__ import annotations
   2
   3import datetime
   4import re
   5import typing as t
   6from functools import reduce
   7
   8from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
   9from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  10    Dialect,
  11    NormalizationStrategy,
  12    any_value_to_max_sql,
  13    build_date_delta,
  14    date_delta_sql,
  15    datestrtodate_sql,
  16    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
  17    max_or_greatest,
  18    min_or_least,
  19    rename_func,
  20    strposition_sql,
  21    timestrtotime_sql,
  22    trim_sql,
  23    map_date_part,
  24)
  25from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
  26from sqlglot.parser import build_coalesce
  27from sqlglot.time import format_time
  28from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
  29from sqlglot.typing.tsql import EXPRESSION_METADATA
  30
  31if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
  32    from sqlglot._typing import E
  33
  34FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
  35    "weekday": "%A",
  36    "dw": "%A",
  37    "w": "%A",
  38    "month": "%B",
  39    "mm": "%B",
  40    "m": "%B",
  41}
  42
  43DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {
  44    "year": "year",
  45    "yyyy": "year",
  46    "yy": "year",
  47    "quarter": "quarter",
  48    "qq": "quarter",
  49    "q": "quarter",
  50    "month": "month",
  51    "mm": "month",
  52    "m": "month",
  53    "week": "week",
  54    "ww": "week",
  55    "wk": "week",
  56    "day": "day",
  57    "dd": "day",
  58    "d": "day",
  59}
  60
  61DATE_PART_UNMAPPING = {
  62    "WEEKISO": "ISO_WEEK",
  63    "DAYOFWEEK": "WEEKDAY",
  64    "TIMEZONE_MINUTE": "TZOFFSET",
  65}
  66
  67DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile("([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})")
  68
  69# N = Numeric, C=Currency
  70TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {"N", "C"}
  71
  72DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
  73
  74BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias}
  75
  76# Unsupported options:
  77# - OPTIMIZE FOR ( @variable_name { UNKNOWN | = <literal_constant> } [ , ...n ] )
  78# - TABLE HINT
  79OPTIONS: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = {
  80    **dict.fromkeys(
  81        (
  82            "DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING",
  83            "FAST",
  84            "IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX",
  85            "LABEL",
  86            "MAXDOP",
  87            "MAXRECURSION",
  88            "MAX_GRANT_PERCENT",
  89            "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT",
  90            "NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL",
  91            "QUERYTRACEON",
  92            "RECOMPILE",
  93        ),
  94        tuple(),
  95    ),
  96    "CONCAT": ("UNION",),
  97    "DISABLE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
  98    "EXPAND": ("VIEWS",),
  99    "FORCE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "ORDER", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
 100    "HASH": ("GROUP", "JOIN", "UNION"),
 101    "KEEP": ("PLAN",),
 102    "KEEPFIXED": ("PLAN",),
 103    "LOOP": ("JOIN",),
 104    "MERGE": ("JOIN", "UNION"),
 105    "OPTIMIZE": (("FOR", "UNKNOWN"),),
 106    "ORDER": ("GROUP",),
 107    "PARAMETERIZATION": ("FORCED", "SIMPLE"),
 108    "ROBUST": ("PLAN",),
 109    "USE": ("PLAN",),
 110}
 111
 112
 113XML_OPTIONS: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = {
 114    **dict.fromkeys(
 115        (
 116            "AUTO",
 117            "EXPLICIT",
 118            "TYPE",
 119        ),
 120        tuple(),
 121    ),
 122    "ELEMENTS": (
 123        "XSINIL",
 124        "ABSENT",
 125    ),
 126    "BINARY": ("BASE64",),
 127}
 128
 129
 130OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ("MAX_GRANT_PERCENT", "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT", "LABEL")
 131
 132
 133def _build_formatted_time(
 134    exp_class: t.Type[E], full_format_mapping: t.Optional[bool] = None
 135) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 136    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 137        fmt = seq_get(args, 0)
 138        if isinstance(fmt, exp.Expression):
 139            fmt = exp.Literal.string(
 140                format_time(
 141                    fmt.name.lower(),
 142                    (
 143                        {**TSQL.TIME_MAPPING, **FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING}
 144                        if full_format_mapping
 145                        else TSQL.TIME_MAPPING
 146                    ),
 147                )
 148            )
 149
 150        this = seq_get(args, 1)
 151        if isinstance(this, exp.Expression):
 152            this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2)
 153
 154        return exp_class(this=this, format=fmt)
 155
 156    return _builder
 157
 158
 159def _build_format(args: t.List) -> exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr:
 160    this = seq_get(args, 0)
 161    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
 162    culture = seq_get(args, 2)
 163
 164    number_fmt = fmt and (fmt.name in TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT or not DATE_FMT_RE.search(fmt.name))
 165
 166    if number_fmt:
 167        return exp.NumberToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 168
 169    if fmt:
 170        fmt = exp.Literal.string(
 171            format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING)
 172            if len(fmt.name) == 1
 173            else format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.TIME_MAPPING)
 174        )
 175
 176    return exp.TimeToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 177
 178
 179def _build_eomonth(args: t.List) -> exp.LastDay:
 180    date = exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))
 181    month_lag = seq_get(args, 1)
 182
 183    if month_lag is None:
 184        this: exp.Expression = date
 185    else:
 186        unit = DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL.get("month")
 187        this = exp.DateAdd(this=date, expression=month_lag, unit=unit and exp.var(unit))
 188
 189    return exp.LastDay(this=this)
 190
 191
 192def _build_hashbytes(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 193    kind, data = args
 194    kind = kind.name.upper() if kind.is_string else ""
 195
 196    if kind == "MD5":
 197        args.pop(0)
 198        return exp.MD5(this=data)
 199    if kind in ("SHA", "SHA1"):
 200        args.pop(0)
 201        return exp.SHA(this=data)
 202    if kind == "SHA2_256":
 203        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(256))
 204    if kind == "SHA2_512":
 205        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(512))
 206
 207    return exp.func("HASHBYTES", *args)
 208
 209
 210def _format_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
 211    fmt = expression.args["format"]
 212
 213    if not isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr):
 214        if fmt.is_string:
 215            mapped_fmt = format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
 216            fmt_sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(mapped_fmt))
 217        else:
 218            fmt_sql = self.format_time(expression) or self.sql(fmt)
 219    else:
 220        fmt_sql = self.sql(fmt)
 221
 222    return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt_sql, expression.args.get("culture"))
 223
 224
 225def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
 226    this = expression.this
 227    distinct = expression.find(exp.Distinct)
 228    if distinct:
 229        # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression
 230        self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.")
 231        this = distinct.pop().expressions[0]
 232
 233    order = ""
 234    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order):
 235        if expression.this.this:
 236            this = expression.this.this.pop()
 237        # Order has a leading space
 238        order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})"
 239
 240    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
 241    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}"
 242
 243
 244def _build_date_delta(
 245    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, big_int: bool = False
 246) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 247    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 248        unit = seq_get(args, 0)
 249        if unit and unit_mapping:
 250            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name))
 251
 252        start_date = seq_get(args, 1)
 253        if start_date and start_date.is_number:
 254            # Numeric types are valid DATETIME values
 255            if start_date.is_int:
 256                adds = DEFAULT_START_DATE + datetime.timedelta(days=start_date.to_py())
 257                start_date = exp.Literal.string(adds.strftime("%F"))
 258            else:
 259                # We currently don't handle float values, i.e. they're not converted to equivalent DATETIMEs.
 260                # This is not a problem when generating T-SQL code, it is when transpiling to other dialects.
 261                return exp_class(
 262                    this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=start_date, unit=unit, big_int=big_int
 263                )
 264
 265        return exp_class(
 266            this=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=seq_get(args, 2)),
 267            expression=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=start_date),
 268            unit=unit,
 269            big_int=big_int,
 270        )
 271
 272    return _builder
 273
 274
 275def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
 276    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
 277    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 278
 279    if (
 280        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
 281        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
 282        and not alias.columns
 283    ):
 284        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
 285
 286        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
 287        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
 288        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
 289        query = expression.this
 290        unaliased_column_indexes = (
 291            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
 292        )
 293
 294        qualify_outputs(query)
 295
 296        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
 297        query_selects = query.selects
 298        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
 299            alias = query_selects[select_index]
 300            column = alias.this
 301            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
 302                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
 303
 304    return expression
 305
 306
 307# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/datetimefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 308def _build_datetimefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampFromParts:
 309    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
 310        year=seq_get(args, 0),
 311        month=seq_get(args, 1),
 312        day=seq_get(args, 2),
 313        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
 314        min=seq_get(args, 4),
 315        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
 316        milli=seq_get(args, 6),
 317    )
 318
 319
 320# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/timefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 321def _build_timefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeFromParts:
 322    return exp.TimeFromParts(
 323        hour=seq_get(args, 0),
 324        min=seq_get(args, 1),
 325        sec=seq_get(args, 2),
 326        fractions=seq_get(args, 3),
 327        precision=seq_get(args, 4),
 328    )
 329
 330
 331def _build_with_arg_as_text(
 332    klass: t.Type[exp.Expression],
 333) -> t.Callable[[t.List[exp.Expression]], exp.Expression]:
 334    def _parse(args: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
 335        this = seq_get(args, 0)
 336
 337        if this and not this.is_string:
 338            this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
 339
 340        expression = seq_get(args, 1)
 341        kwargs = {"this": this}
 342
 343        if expression:
 344            kwargs["expression"] = expression
 345
 346        return klass(**kwargs)
 347
 348    return _parse
 349
 350
 351# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/parsename-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
 352def _build_parsename(args: t.List) -> exp.SplitPart | exp.Anonymous:
 353    # PARSENAME(...) will be stored into exp.SplitPart if:
 354    # - All args are literals
 355    # - The part index (2nd arg) is <= 4 (max valid value, otherwise TSQL returns NULL)
 356    if len(args) == 2 and all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in args):
 357        this = args[0]
 358        part_index = args[1]
 359        split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
 360        if split_count <= 4:
 361            return exp.SplitPart(
 362                this=this,
 363                delimiter=exp.Literal.string("."),
 364                part_index=exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py()),
 365            )
 366
 367    return exp.Anonymous(this="PARSENAME", expressions=args)
 368
 369
 370def _build_json_query(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> exp.JSONExtract:
 371    if len(args) == 1:
 372        # The default value for path is '$'. As a result, if you don't provide a
 373        # value for path, JSON_QUERY returns the input expression.
 374        args.append(exp.Literal.string("$"))
 375
 376    return parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract)(args, dialect)
 377
 378
 379def _json_extract_sql(
 380    self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONExtractScalar
 381) -> str:
 382    json_query = self.func("JSON_QUERY", expression.this, expression.expression)
 383    json_value = self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression)
 384    return self.func("ISNULL", json_query, json_value)
 385
 386
 387def _timestrtotime_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime):
 388    sql = timestrtotime_sql(self, expression)
 389    if expression.args.get("zone"):
 390        # If there is a timezone, produce an expression like:
 391        # CAST('2020-01-01 12:13:14-08:00' AS DATETIMEOFFSET) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'
 392        # If you dont have AT TIME ZONE 'UTC', wrapping that expression in another cast back to DATETIME2 just drops the timezone information
 393        return self.sql(exp.AtTimeZone(this=sql, zone=exp.Literal.string("UTC")))
 394    return sql
 395
 396
 397def _build_datetrunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
 398    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
 399    this = seq_get(args, 1)
 400
 401    if this and this.is_string:
 402        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2)
 403
 404    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)
 405
 406
 407class TSQL(Dialect):
 408    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
 409    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
 410    TYPED_DIVISION = True
 411    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
 412    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 413    ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
 414
 415    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
 416
 417    EXPRESSION_METADATA = EXPRESSION_METADATA.copy()
 418
 419    DATE_PART_MAPPING = {
 420        **Dialect.DATE_PART_MAPPING,
 421        "QQ": "QUARTER",
 422        "M": "MONTH",
 423        "Y": "DAYOFYEAR",
 424        "WW": "WEEK",
 425        "N": "MINUTE",
 426        "SS": "SECOND",
 427        "MCS": "MICROSECOND",
 428        "TZOFFSET": "TIMEZONE_MINUTE",
 429        "TZ": "TIMEZONE_MINUTE",
 430        "ISO_WEEK": "WEEKISO",
 431        "ISOWK": "WEEKISO",
 432        "ISOWW": "WEEKISO",
 433    }
 434
 435    TIME_MAPPING = {
 436        "year": "%Y",
 437        "dayofyear": "%j",
 438        "day": "%d",
 439        "dy": "%d",
 440        "y": "%Y",
 441        "week": "%W",
 442        "ww": "%W",
 443        "wk": "%W",
 444        "isowk": "%V",
 445        "isoww": "%V",
 446        "iso_week": "%V",
 447        "hour": "%h",
 448        "hh": "%I",
 449        "minute": "%M",
 450        "mi": "%M",
 451        "n": "%M",
 452        "second": "%S",
 453        "ss": "%S",
 454        "s": "%-S",
 455        "millisecond": "%f",
 456        "ms": "%f",
 457        "weekday": "%w",
 458        "dw": "%w",
 459        "month": "%m",
 460        "mm": "%M",
 461        "m": "%-M",
 462        "Y": "%Y",
 463        "YYYY": "%Y",
 464        "YY": "%y",
 465        "MMMM": "%B",
 466        "MMM": "%b",
 467        "MM": "%m",
 468        "M": "%-m",
 469        "dddd": "%A",
 470        "dd": "%d",
 471        "d": "%-d",
 472        "HH": "%H",
 473        "H": "%-H",
 474        "h": "%-I",
 475        "ffffff": "%f",
 476        "yyyy": "%Y",
 477        "yy": "%y",
 478    }
 479
 480    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
 481        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 482        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
 483        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
 484        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
 485        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
 486        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
 487        "6": "%d %b %y",
 488        "7": "%b %d, %y",
 489        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
 490        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 491        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
 492        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
 493        "12": "yymmdd",
 494        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
 495        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 496        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 497        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 498        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 499        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
 500        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
 501        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 502        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 503        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
 504        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
 505        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
 506        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
 507        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
 508        "106": "%d %b %Y",
 509        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
 510        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
 511        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 512        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
 513        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
 514        "112": "%Y%m%d",
 515        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
 516        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 517        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 518        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 519        "126": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f",
 520    }
 521
 522    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
 523        "y": "%B %Y",
 524        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
 525        "H": "%-H",
 526        "h": "%-I",
 527        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 528        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
 529        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
 530        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 531        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
 532        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 533        "M": "%B %-d",
 534        "m": "%B %-d",
 535        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
 536        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
 537        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
 538        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
 539        "t": "%-I:%M",
 540        "Y": "%a %Y",
 541    }
 542
 543    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
 544        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
 545        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
 546        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
 547        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
 548
 549        KEYWORDS = {
 550            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
 551            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 552            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME2,
 553            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 554            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
 555            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
 556            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
 557            "GO": TokenType.COMMAND,
 558            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
 559            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
 560            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 561            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
 562            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
 563            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
 564            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
 565            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
 566            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
 567            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 568            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.SMALLDATETIME,
 569            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
 570            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
 571            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
 572            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
 573            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 574            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
 575            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UUID,
 576            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
 577            "XML": TokenType.XML,
 578        }
 579        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
 580
 581        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}
 582
 583    class Parser(parser.Parser):
 584        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
 585        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
 586        STRING_ALIASES = True
 587        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
 588
 589        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
 590            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
 591            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
 592            TokenType.FOR: lambda self: ("for_", self._parse_for()),
 593        }
 594
 595        # T-SQL does not allow BEGIN to be used as an identifier
 596        ID_VAR_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 597        ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 598        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 599        COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 600        UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 601
 602        FUNCTIONS = {
 603            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 604            "ATN2": exp.Atan2.from_arg_list,
 605            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
 606                this=seq_get(args, 1),
 607                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
 608                position=seq_get(args, 2),
 609            ),
 610            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
 611                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
 612            ),
 613            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
 614                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
 615            ),
 616            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 617            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 618            "DATEDIFF_BIG": _build_date_delta(
 619                exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL, big_int=True
 620            ),
 621            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
 622            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
 623            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
 624            "FORMAT": _build_format,
 625            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 626            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
 627            "ISNULL": lambda args: build_coalesce(args=args, is_null=True),
 628            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
 629            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
 630            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
 631            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
 632            "NEWID": exp.Uuid.from_arg_list,
 633            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
 634            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
 635            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
 636            "SCHEMA_NAME": exp.CurrentSchema.from_arg_list,
 637            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
 638            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 639            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 640            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 641            "SYSDATETIMEOFFSET": exp.CurrentTimestampLTZ.from_arg_list,
 642            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 643            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
 644            "DATETRUNC": _build_datetrunc,
 645        }
 646
 647        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
 648
 649        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
 650            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
 651        )
 652
 653        COLUMN_DEFINITION_MODES = {"OUT", "OUTPUT", "READONLY"}
 654
 655        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
 656            TokenType.TABLE,
 657            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
 658        }
 659
 660        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
 661            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
 662            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
 663        }
 664
 665        RANGE_PARSERS = {
 666            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
 667            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
 668                exp.ScopeResolution,
 669                this=this,
 670                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
 671            ),
 672        }
 673
 674        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 675            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 676            "NEXT": lambda self: self._parse_next_value_for(),
 677        }
 678
 679        FUNCTION_PARSERS: t.Dict[str, t.Callable] = {
 680            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 681            "JSON_ARRAYAGG": lambda self: self.expression(
 682                exp.JSONArrayAgg,
 683                this=self._parse_bitwise(),
 684                order=self._parse_order(),
 685                null_handling=self._parse_on_handling("NULL", "NULL", "ABSENT"),
 686            ),
 687            "DATEPART": lambda self: self._parse_datepart(),
 688        }
 689
 690        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
 691        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
 692            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
 693            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
 694            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
 695            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
 696        }
 697
 698        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = {"offset"}
 699
 700        ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS = {
 701            "d": exp.Date,
 702            "t": exp.Time,
 703            "ts": exp.Timestamp,
 704        }
 705
 706        def _parse_datepart(self) -> exp.Extract:
 707            this = self._parse_var()
 708            expression = self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_bitwise()
 709            name = map_date_part(this, self.dialect)
 710
 711            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=name, expression=expression)
 712
 713        def _parse_alter_table_set(self) -> exp.AlterSet:
 714            return self._parse_wrapped(super()._parse_alter_table_set)
 715
 716        def _parse_wrapped_select(self, table: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 717            if self._match(TokenType.MERGE):
 718                comments = self._prev_comments
 719                merge = self._parse_merge()
 720                merge.add_comments(comments, prepend=True)
 721                return merge
 722
 723            return super()._parse_wrapped_select(table=table)
 724
 725        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 726            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
 727            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
 728            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
 729                return self._parse_types()
 730
 731            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
 732
 733        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
 734            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
 735                return None
 736
 737            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 738                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
 739                if not option:
 740                    return None
 741
 742                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 743                return self.expression(
 744                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
 745                )
 746
 747            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
 748
 749        def _parse_xml_key_value_option(self) -> exp.XMLKeyValueOption:
 750            this = self._parse_primary_or_var()
 751            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
 752                expression = self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_string)
 753            else:
 754                expression = None
 755
 756            return exp.XMLKeyValueOption(this=this, expression=expression)
 757
 758        def _parse_for(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
 759            if not self._match_pair(TokenType.FOR, TokenType.XML):
 760                return None
 761
 762            def _parse_for_xml() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 763                return self.expression(
 764                    exp.QueryOption,
 765                    this=self._parse_var_from_options(XML_OPTIONS, raise_unmatched=False)
 766                    or self._parse_xml_key_value_option(),
 767                )
 768
 769            return self._parse_csv(_parse_for_xml)
 770
 771        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
 772            """
 773            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
 774            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
 775
 776            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 777            """
 778            return [
 779                (
 780                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
 781                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
 782                    else projection
 783                )
 784                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
 785            ]
 786
 787        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
 788            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 789            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 790                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
 791                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
 792
 793            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 794                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
 795                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
 796            """
 797            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
 798
 799            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
 800            this = self._parse_id_var()
 801
 802            if rollback:
 803                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
 804
 805            durability = None
 806            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
 807                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
 808                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 809
 810                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
 811                    durability = False
 812                else:
 813                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
 814                    durability = True
 815
 816                self._match_r_paren()
 817
 818            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
 819
 820        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
 821            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 822            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 823            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
 824            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
 825            ]
 826            """
 827            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
 828                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
 829                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
 830                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
 831
 832                return transaction
 833
 834            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 835
 836        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
 837            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
 838            returns = super()._parse_returns()
 839            returns.set("table", table)
 840            return returns
 841
 842        def _parse_convert(
 843            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
 844        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 845            this = self._parse_types()
 846            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 847            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
 848            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
 849            convert.set("safe", safe)
 850            return convert
 851
 852        def _parse_column_def(
 853            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], computed_column: bool = True
 854        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 855            this = super()._parse_column_def(this=this, computed_column=computed_column)
 856            if not this:
 857                return None
 858            if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
 859                this.set("default", self._parse_disjunction())
 860            if self._match_texts(self.COLUMN_DEFINITION_MODES):
 861                this.set("output", self._prev.text)
 862            return this
 863
 864        def _parse_user_defined_function(
 865            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
 866        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 867            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
 868
 869            if (
 870                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
 871                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
 872                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
 873            ):
 874                return this
 875
 876            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
 877                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
 878            else:
 879                expressions = None
 880
 881            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
 882
 883        def _parse_into(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Into]:
 884            into = super()._parse_into()
 885
 886            table = isinstance(into, exp.Into) and into.find(exp.Table)
 887            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
 888                table_identifier = table.this
 889                if table_identifier.args.get("temporary"):
 890                    # Promote the temporary property from the Identifier to the Into expression
 891                    t.cast(exp.Into, into).set("temporary", True)
 892
 893            return into
 894
 895        def _parse_id_var(
 896            self,
 897            any_token: bool = True,
 898            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 899        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 900            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 901            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 902
 903            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 904            if this:
 905                if is_global:
 906                    this.set("global_", True)
 907                elif is_temporary:
 908                    this.set("temporary", True)
 909
 910            return this
 911
 912        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
 913            create = super()._parse_create()
 914
 915            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
 916                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
 917                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
 918                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
 919                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
 920
 921                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
 922
 923            return create
 924
 925        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 926            index = self._index
 927
 928            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
 929                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
 930                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
 931                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
 932                self._retreat(index)
 933
 934            return super()._parse_if()
 935
 936        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
 937            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
 938                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
 939            else:
 940                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
 941
 942            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
 943
 944        def _parse_update(self) -> exp.Update:
 945            expression = super()._parse_update()
 946            expression.set("options", self._parse_options())
 947            return expression
 948
 949        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
 950            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
 951                return None
 952
 953            def parse_range():
 954                low = self._parse_bitwise()
 955                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
 956
 957                return (
 958                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
 959                )
 960
 961            partition = self.expression(
 962                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
 963            )
 964
 965            self._match_r_paren()
 966
 967            return partition
 968
 969        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
 970            var = self._parse_id_var()
 971            if not var:
 972                return None
 973
 974            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
 975            return self.expression(
 976                exp.DeclareItem,
 977                this=var,
 978                kind=self._parse_schema() if self._match(TokenType.TABLE) else self._parse_types(),
 979                default=self._match(TokenType.EQ) and self._parse_bitwise(),
 980            )
 981
 982        def _parse_alter_table_alter(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 983            expression = super()._parse_alter_table_alter()
 984
 985            if expression is not None:
 986                collation = expression.args.get("collate")
 987                if isinstance(collation, exp.Column) and isinstance(collation.this, exp.Identifier):
 988                    identifier = collation.this
 989                    collation.set("this", exp.Var(this=identifier.name))
 990
 991            return expression
 992
 993        def _parse_primary_key_part(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 994            return self._parse_ordered()
 995
 996    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 997        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
 998        QUERY_HINTS = False
 999        RETURNING_END = False
1000        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
1001        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
1002        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
1003        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
1004        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
1005        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
1006        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
1007        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
1008        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
1009        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
1010        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
1011        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
1012        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
1013        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
1014        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
1015        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
1016        ALTER_SET_WRAPPED = True
1017        ALTER_SET_TYPE = ""
1018
1019        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
1020            exp.Create,
1021            exp.Delete,
1022            exp.Insert,
1023            exp.Intersect,
1024            exp.Except,
1025            exp.Merge,
1026            exp.Select,
1027            exp.Subquery,
1028            exp.Union,
1029            exp.Update,
1030        }
1031
1032        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
1033            exp.JSONPathKey,
1034            exp.JSONPathRoot,
1035            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
1036        }
1037
1038        TYPE_MAPPING = {
1039            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
1040            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
1041            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2: "DATETIME2",
1042            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
1043            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
1044            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
1045            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
1046            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
1047            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
1048            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "DATETIME2",
1049            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
1050            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLDATETIME: "SMALLDATETIME",
1051            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
1052            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
1053            exp.DataType.Type.UUID: "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER",
1054        }
1055
1056        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
1057        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
1058
1059        TRANSFORMS = {
1060            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
1061            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
1062            exp.Atan2: rename_func("ATN2"),
1063            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
1064            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
1065            exp.Ceil: rename_func("CEILING"),
1066            exp.Chr: rename_func("CHAR"),
1067            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
1068            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
1069            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
1070            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
1071            exp.CurrentTimestampLTZ: rename_func("SYSDATETIMEOFFSET"),
1072            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
1073            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
1074            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
1075            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
1076            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
1077            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
1078            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
1079            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
1080            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
1081            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
1082            exp.Min: min_or_least,
1083            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
1084            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
1085            exp.CurrentSchema: rename_func("SCHEMA_NAME"),
1086            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
1087                [
1088                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
1089                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
1090                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
1091                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
1092                ]
1093            ),
1094            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
1095            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(
1096                self, e, func_name="CHARINDEX", supports_position=True
1097            ),
1098            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
1099            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
1100            exp.SHA1Digest: lambda self, e: self.func(
1101                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this
1102            ),
1103            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
1104                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
1105            ),
1106            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
1107            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
1108            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
1109            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
1110            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
1111            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
1112            exp.TimestampTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATETRUNC", e.unit, e.this),
1113            exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "NEWID()",
1114            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATEFROMPARTS"),
1115        }
1116
1117        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
1118
1119        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
1120            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
1121            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
1122        }
1123
1124        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
1125            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
1126
1127        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
1128            limit = expression.args.get("limit")
1129            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
1130
1131            if isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch) and not offset:
1132                # Dialects like Oracle can FETCH directly from a row set but
1133                # T-SQL requires an ORDER BY + OFFSET clause in order to FETCH
1134                offset = exp.Offset(expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
1135                expression.set("offset", offset)
1136
1137            if offset:
1138                if not expression.args.get("order"):
1139                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
1140                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
1141                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
1142                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
1143
1144                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
1145                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
1146                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
1147                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
1148
1149            return super().select_sql(expression)
1150
1151        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
1152            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
1153            return self.func(
1154                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
1155            )
1156
1157        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
1158            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
1159            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1160            if value:
1161                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
1162                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
1163            return option
1164
1165        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
1166            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
1167            if cross_apply is True:
1168                return "CROSS APPLY"
1169            if cross_apply is False:
1170                return "OUTER APPLY"
1171
1172            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
1173            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
1174            return "LATERAL"
1175
1176        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
1177            this = expression.this
1178            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
1179            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
1180            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
1181
1182            if (
1183                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
1184                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
1185                or not part_index
1186                or split_count > 4
1187            ):
1188                self.unsupported(
1189                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
1190                )
1191                return ""
1192
1193            return self.func(
1194                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
1195            )
1196
1197        def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str:
1198            part = expression.this
1199            name = DATE_PART_UNMAPPING.get(part.name.upper()) or part
1200
1201            return self.func("DATEPART", name, expression.expression)
1202
1203        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
1204            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1205            if nano is not None:
1206                nano.pop()
1207                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
1208
1209            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
1210                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
1211            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
1212                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
1213
1214            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1215
1216        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
1217            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
1218            if zone is not None:
1219                zone.pop()
1220                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1221
1222            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1223            if nano is not None:
1224                nano.pop()
1225                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1226
1227            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
1228                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
1229
1230            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1231
1232        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
1233            this = expression.this
1234            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
1235                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
1236                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
1237
1238            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
1239
1240        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
1241            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
1242                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
1243            ):
1244                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
1245
1246            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
1247
1248        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
1249            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
1250                return self.binary(expression, "=")
1251            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
1252
1253        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
1254            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
1255            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
1256
1257            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
1258                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
1259                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
1260            ):
1261                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
1262
1263            return sql
1264
1265        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
1266            kind = expression.kind
1267            exists = expression.args.get("exists")
1268            expression.set("exists", None)
1269
1270            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
1271            if like_property:
1272                ctas_expression = like_property.this
1273            else:
1274                ctas_expression = expression.expression
1275
1276            if kind == "VIEW":
1277                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1278                with_ = expression.args.get("with_")
1279                if ctas_expression and with_:
1280                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
1281                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
1282                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
1283                    ctas_expression.set("with_", with_.pop())
1284
1285            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
1286
1287            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
1288            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
1289                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
1290                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
1291
1292                properties = expression.args.get("properties") or exp.Properties()
1293                is_temp = any(isinstance(p, exp.TemporaryProperty) for p in properties.expressions)
1294
1295                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
1296                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table, temporary=is_temp))
1297
1298                if like_property:
1299                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
1300
1301                sql = self.sql(select_into)
1302            else:
1303                sql = super().create_sql(expression)
1304
1305            if exists:
1306                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
1307                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1308                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
1309                if kind == "SCHEMA":
1310                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1311                elif kind == "TABLE":
1312                    assert table
1313                    where = exp.and_(
1314                        exp.column("TABLE_NAME").eq(table.name),
1315                        exp.column("TABLE_SCHEMA").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
1316                        exp.column("TABLE_CATALOG").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
1317                    )
1318                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1319                elif kind == "INDEX":
1320                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
1321                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1322            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
1323                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
1324
1325            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1326
1327        @generator.unsupported_args("unlogged", "expressions")
1328        def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str:
1329            if expression.args.get("temporary"):
1330                # If the Into expression has a temporary property, push this down to the Identifier
1331                table = expression.find(exp.Table)
1332                if table and isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier):
1333                    table.this.set("temporary", True)
1334
1335            return f"{self.seg('INTO')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1336
1337        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
1338            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
1339            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
1340
1341        def datediff_sql(self, expression: exp.DateDiff) -> str:
1342            func_name = "DATEDIFF_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "DATEDIFF"
1343            return date_delta_sql(func_name)(self, expression)
1344
1345        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
1346            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
1347
1348        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
1349            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
1350            this = f"FOR {name}"
1351            expr = expression.expression
1352            kind = expression.text("kind")
1353            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
1354                args = expr.expressions
1355                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
1356                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
1357            else:
1358                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
1359
1360            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
1361            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
1362
1363        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1364            table = expression.args.get("table")
1365            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
1366            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1367
1368        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
1369            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
1370            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
1371            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
1372
1373        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
1374            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1375            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1376            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
1377            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
1378            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
1379
1380        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
1381            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1382            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1383            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
1384            durability = (
1385                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
1386                if durability is not None
1387                else ""
1388            )
1389            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
1390
1391        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
1392            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1393            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1394            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
1395
1396        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
1397            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
1398
1399            if expression.args.get("global_"):
1400                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
1401            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
1402                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
1403
1404            return identifier
1405
1406        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
1407            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1408            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
1409            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
1410
1411        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
1412            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
1413
1414        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
1415            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
1416
1417        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
1418            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
1419
1420        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
1421            this = expression.this
1422            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
1423                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
1424            else:
1425                this_sql = self.sql(this)
1426            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1427            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
1428
1429        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
1430            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
1431
1432        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
1433            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
1434            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
1435                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
1436            return super().alter_sql(expression)
1437
1438        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
1439            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
1440                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1441            return super().drop_sql(expression)
1442
1443        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
1444            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
1445            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
1446
1447        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
1448            return self.sql(
1449                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
1450            )
1451
1452        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
1453            return f"(PATINDEX(CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), 0x255b5e002d7f5d25) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, {self.sql(expression.this)}) = 0)"
1454
1455        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
1456            this = super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
1457            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
1458            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
1459            output = self.sql(expression, "output")
1460            output = f" {output}" if output else ""
1461            return f"{this}{default}{output}"
1462
1463        def coalesce_sql(self, expression: exp.Coalesce) -> str:
1464            func_name = "ISNULL" if expression.args.get("is_null") else "COALESCE"
1465            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)