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sqlglot.dialects.tsql

   1from __future__ import annotations
   2
   3import datetime
   4import re
   5import typing as t
   6from functools import partial, reduce
   7
   8from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
   9from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  10    Dialect,
  11    NormalizationStrategy,
  12    any_value_to_max_sql,
  13    date_delta_sql,
  14    datestrtodate_sql,
  15    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
  16    max_or_greatest,
  17    min_or_least,
  18    build_date_delta,
  19    rename_func,
  20    trim_sql,
  21    timestrtotime_sql,
  22)
  23from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
  24from sqlglot.parser import build_coalesce
  25from sqlglot.time import format_time
  26from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
  27
  28if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
  29    from sqlglot._typing import E
  30
  31FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
  32    "weekday": "%A",
  33    "dw": "%A",
  34    "w": "%A",
  35    "month": "%B",
  36    "mm": "%B",
  37    "m": "%B",
  38}
  39
  40DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {
  41    "year": "year",
  42    "yyyy": "year",
  43    "yy": "year",
  44    "quarter": "quarter",
  45    "qq": "quarter",
  46    "q": "quarter",
  47    "month": "month",
  48    "mm": "month",
  49    "m": "month",
  50    "week": "week",
  51    "ww": "week",
  52    "wk": "week",
  53    "day": "day",
  54    "dd": "day",
  55    "d": "day",
  56}
  57
  58
  59DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile("([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})")
  60
  61# N = Numeric, C=Currency
  62TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {"N", "C"}
  63
  64DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
  65
  66BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias}
  67
  68# Unsupported options:
  69# - OPTIMIZE FOR ( @variable_name { UNKNOWN | = <literal_constant> } [ , ...n ] )
  70# - TABLE HINT
  71OPTIONS: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = {
  72    **dict.fromkeys(
  73        (
  74            "DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING",
  75            "FAST",
  76            "IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX",
  77            "LABEL",
  78            "MAXDOP",
  79            "MAXRECURSION",
  80            "MAX_GRANT_PERCENT",
  81            "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT",
  82            "NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL",
  83            "QUERYTRACEON",
  84            "RECOMPILE",
  85        ),
  86        tuple(),
  87    ),
  88    "CONCAT": ("UNION",),
  89    "DISABLE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
  90    "EXPAND": ("VIEWS",),
  91    "FORCE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "ORDER", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
  92    "HASH": ("GROUP", "JOIN", "UNION"),
  93    "KEEP": ("PLAN",),
  94    "KEEPFIXED": ("PLAN",),
  95    "LOOP": ("JOIN",),
  96    "MERGE": ("JOIN", "UNION"),
  97    "OPTIMIZE": (("FOR", "UNKNOWN"),),
  98    "ORDER": ("GROUP",),
  99    "PARAMETERIZATION": ("FORCED", "SIMPLE"),
 100    "ROBUST": ("PLAN",),
 101    "USE": ("PLAN",),
 102}
 103
 104OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ("MAX_GRANT_PERCENT", "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT", "LABEL")
 105
 106
 107def _build_formatted_time(
 108    exp_class: t.Type[E], full_format_mapping: t.Optional[bool] = None
 109) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 110    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 111        assert len(args) == 2
 112
 113        return exp_class(
 114            this=exp.cast(args[1], exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME),
 115            format=exp.Literal.string(
 116                format_time(
 117                    args[0].name.lower(),
 118                    (
 119                        {**TSQL.TIME_MAPPING, **FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING}
 120                        if full_format_mapping
 121                        else TSQL.TIME_MAPPING
 122                    ),
 123                )
 124            ),
 125        )
 126
 127    return _builder
 128
 129
 130def _build_format(args: t.List) -> exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr:
 131    this = seq_get(args, 0)
 132    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
 133    culture = seq_get(args, 2)
 134
 135    number_fmt = fmt and (fmt.name in TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT or not DATE_FMT_RE.search(fmt.name))
 136
 137    if number_fmt:
 138        return exp.NumberToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 139
 140    if fmt:
 141        fmt = exp.Literal.string(
 142            format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING)
 143            if len(fmt.name) == 1
 144            else format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.TIME_MAPPING)
 145        )
 146
 147    return exp.TimeToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 148
 149
 150def _build_eomonth(args: t.List) -> exp.LastDay:
 151    date = exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))
 152    month_lag = seq_get(args, 1)
 153
 154    if month_lag is None:
 155        this: exp.Expression = date
 156    else:
 157        unit = DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL.get("month")
 158        this = exp.DateAdd(this=date, expression=month_lag, unit=unit and exp.var(unit))
 159
 160    return exp.LastDay(this=this)
 161
 162
 163def _build_hashbytes(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 164    kind, data = args
 165    kind = kind.name.upper() if kind.is_string else ""
 166
 167    if kind == "MD5":
 168        args.pop(0)
 169        return exp.MD5(this=data)
 170    if kind in ("SHA", "SHA1"):
 171        args.pop(0)
 172        return exp.SHA(this=data)
 173    if kind == "SHA2_256":
 174        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(256))
 175    if kind == "SHA2_512":
 176        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(512))
 177
 178    return exp.func("HASHBYTES", *args)
 179
 180
 181DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {"DW", "WK", "HOUR", "QUARTER"}
 182
 183
 184def _format_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
 185    fmt = expression.args["format"]
 186
 187    if not isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr):
 188        if fmt.is_string:
 189            mapped_fmt = format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
 190
 191            name = (mapped_fmt or "").upper()
 192            if name in DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS:
 193                return self.func("DATEPART", name, expression.this)
 194
 195            fmt_sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(mapped_fmt))
 196        else:
 197            fmt_sql = self.format_time(expression) or self.sql(fmt)
 198    else:
 199        fmt_sql = self.sql(fmt)
 200
 201    return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt_sql, expression.args.get("culture"))
 202
 203
 204def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
 205    this = expression.this
 206    distinct = expression.find(exp.Distinct)
 207    if distinct:
 208        # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression
 209        self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.")
 210        this = distinct.pop().expressions[0]
 211
 212    order = ""
 213    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order):
 214        if expression.this.this:
 215            this = expression.this.this.pop()
 216        # Order has a leading space
 217        order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})"
 218
 219    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
 220    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}"
 221
 222
 223def _build_date_delta(
 224    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
 225) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 226    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 227        unit = seq_get(args, 0)
 228        if unit and unit_mapping:
 229            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name))
 230
 231        start_date = seq_get(args, 1)
 232        if start_date and start_date.is_number:
 233            # Numeric types are valid DATETIME values
 234            if start_date.is_int:
 235                adds = DEFAULT_START_DATE + datetime.timedelta(days=int(start_date.this))
 236                start_date = exp.Literal.string(adds.strftime("%F"))
 237            else:
 238                # We currently don't handle float values, i.e. they're not converted to equivalent DATETIMEs.
 239                # This is not a problem when generating T-SQL code, it is when transpiling to other dialects.
 240                return exp_class(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=start_date, unit=unit)
 241
 242        return exp_class(
 243            this=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=seq_get(args, 2)),
 244            expression=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=start_date),
 245            unit=unit,
 246        )
 247
 248    return _builder
 249
 250
 251def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
 252    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
 253    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 254
 255    if (
 256        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
 257        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
 258        and not alias.columns
 259    ):
 260        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
 261
 262        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
 263        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
 264        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
 265        query = expression.this
 266        unaliased_column_indexes = (
 267            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
 268        )
 269
 270        qualify_outputs(query)
 271
 272        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
 273        query_selects = query.selects
 274        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
 275            alias = query_selects[select_index]
 276            column = alias.this
 277            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
 278                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
 279
 280    return expression
 281
 282
 283# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/datetimefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 284def _build_datetimefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampFromParts:
 285    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
 286        year=seq_get(args, 0),
 287        month=seq_get(args, 1),
 288        day=seq_get(args, 2),
 289        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
 290        min=seq_get(args, 4),
 291        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
 292        milli=seq_get(args, 6),
 293    )
 294
 295
 296# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/timefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 297def _build_timefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeFromParts:
 298    return exp.TimeFromParts(
 299        hour=seq_get(args, 0),
 300        min=seq_get(args, 1),
 301        sec=seq_get(args, 2),
 302        fractions=seq_get(args, 3),
 303        precision=seq_get(args, 4),
 304    )
 305
 306
 307def _build_with_arg_as_text(
 308    klass: t.Type[exp.Expression],
 309) -> t.Callable[[t.List[exp.Expression]], exp.Expression]:
 310    def _parse(args: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
 311        this = seq_get(args, 0)
 312
 313        if this and not this.is_string:
 314            this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
 315
 316        expression = seq_get(args, 1)
 317        kwargs = {"this": this}
 318
 319        if expression:
 320            kwargs["expression"] = expression
 321
 322        return klass(**kwargs)
 323
 324    return _parse
 325
 326
 327# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/parsename-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
 328def _build_parsename(args: t.List) -> exp.SplitPart | exp.Anonymous:
 329    # PARSENAME(...) will be stored into exp.SplitPart if:
 330    # - All args are literals
 331    # - The part index (2nd arg) is <= 4 (max valid value, otherwise TSQL returns NULL)
 332    if len(args) == 2 and all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in args):
 333        this = args[0]
 334        part_index = args[1]
 335        split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
 336        if split_count <= 4:
 337            return exp.SplitPart(
 338                this=this,
 339                delimiter=exp.Literal.string("."),
 340                part_index=exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py()),
 341            )
 342
 343    return exp.Anonymous(this="PARSENAME", expressions=args)
 344
 345
 346def _build_json_query(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> exp.JSONExtract:
 347    if len(args) == 1:
 348        # The default value for path is '$'. As a result, if you don't provide a
 349        # value for path, JSON_QUERY returns the input expression.
 350        args.append(exp.Literal.string("$"))
 351
 352    return parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract)(args, dialect)
 353
 354
 355def _json_extract_sql(
 356    self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONExtractScalar
 357) -> str:
 358    json_query = self.func("JSON_QUERY", expression.this, expression.expression)
 359    json_value = self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression)
 360    return self.func("ISNULL", json_query, json_value)
 361
 362
 363def _timestrtotime_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime):
 364    sql = timestrtotime_sql(self, expression)
 365    if expression.args.get("zone"):
 366        # If there is a timezone, produce an expression like:
 367        # CAST('2020-01-01 12:13:14-08:00' AS DATETIMEOFFSET) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'
 368        # If you dont have AT TIME ZONE 'UTC', wrapping that expression in another cast back to DATETIME2 just drops the timezone information
 369        return self.sql(exp.AtTimeZone(this=sql, zone=exp.Literal.string("UTC")))
 370    return sql
 371
 372
 373class TSQL(Dialect):
 374    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
 375    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
 376    TYPED_DIVISION = True
 377    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
 378    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 379
 380    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
 381
 382    TIME_MAPPING = {
 383        "year": "%Y",
 384        "dayofyear": "%j",
 385        "day": "%d",
 386        "dy": "%d",
 387        "y": "%Y",
 388        "week": "%W",
 389        "ww": "%W",
 390        "wk": "%W",
 391        "hour": "%h",
 392        "hh": "%I",
 393        "minute": "%M",
 394        "mi": "%M",
 395        "n": "%M",
 396        "second": "%S",
 397        "ss": "%S",
 398        "s": "%-S",
 399        "millisecond": "%f",
 400        "ms": "%f",
 401        "weekday": "%w",
 402        "dw": "%w",
 403        "month": "%m",
 404        "mm": "%M",
 405        "m": "%-M",
 406        "Y": "%Y",
 407        "YYYY": "%Y",
 408        "YY": "%y",
 409        "MMMM": "%B",
 410        "MMM": "%b",
 411        "MM": "%m",
 412        "M": "%-m",
 413        "dddd": "%A",
 414        "dd": "%d",
 415        "d": "%-d",
 416        "HH": "%H",
 417        "H": "%-H",
 418        "h": "%-I",
 419        "ffffff": "%f",
 420        "yyyy": "%Y",
 421        "yy": "%y",
 422    }
 423
 424    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
 425        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 426        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
 427        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
 428        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
 429        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
 430        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
 431        "6": "%d %b %y",
 432        "7": "%b %d, %y",
 433        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
 434        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 435        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
 436        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
 437        "12": "yymmdd",
 438        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
 439        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 440        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 441        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 442        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 443        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
 444        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
 445        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 446        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 447        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
 448        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
 449        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
 450        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
 451        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
 452        "106": "%d %b %Y",
 453        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
 454        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
 455        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 456        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
 457        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
 458        "112": "%Y%m%d",
 459        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
 460        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 461        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 462        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 463    }
 464
 465    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
 466        "y": "%B %Y",
 467        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
 468        "H": "%-H",
 469        "h": "%-I",
 470        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 471        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
 472        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
 473        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 474        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
 475        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 476        "M": "%B %-d",
 477        "m": "%B %-d",
 478        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
 479        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
 480        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
 481        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
 482        "t": "%-I:%M",
 483        "Y": "%a %Y",
 484    }
 485
 486    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
 487        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
 488        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
 489        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
 490        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
 491
 492        KEYWORDS = {
 493            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
 494            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 495            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
 496            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 497            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
 498            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
 499            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
 500            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
 501            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
 502            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 503            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
 504            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
 505            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
 506            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
 507            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
 508            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
 509            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 510            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
 511            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
 512            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
 513            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
 514            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
 515            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 516            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
 517            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
 518            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
 519            "XML": TokenType.XML,
 520        }
 521        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
 522
 523        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}
 524
 525    class Parser(parser.Parser):
 526        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
 527        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
 528        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
 529        STRING_ALIASES = True
 530        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
 531
 532        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
 533            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
 534            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
 535        }
 536
 537        FUNCTIONS = {
 538            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 539            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
 540                this=seq_get(args, 1),
 541                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
 542                position=seq_get(args, 2),
 543            ),
 544            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
 545                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
 546            ),
 547            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
 548                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
 549            ),
 550            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 551            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 552            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
 553            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
 554            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
 555            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
 556            "FORMAT": _build_format,
 557            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 558            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
 559            "ISNULL": build_coalesce,
 560            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
 561            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
 562            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
 563            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
 564            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
 565            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
 566            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
 567            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
 568            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 569            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 570            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 571            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 572            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
 573        }
 574
 575        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
 576
 577        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
 578            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
 579        )
 580
 581        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
 582            TokenType.TABLE,
 583            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
 584        }
 585
 586        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
 587            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
 588            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
 589        }
 590
 591        RANGE_PARSERS = {
 592            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
 593            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
 594                exp.ScopeResolution,
 595                this=this,
 596                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
 597            ),
 598        }
 599
 600        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
 601        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
 602            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
 603            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
 604            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
 605            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
 606        }
 607
 608        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 609            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
 610            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
 611            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
 612                return self._parse_types()
 613
 614            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
 615
 616        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
 617            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
 618                return None
 619
 620            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 621                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
 622                if not option:
 623                    return None
 624
 625                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 626                return self.expression(
 627                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
 628                )
 629
 630            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
 631
 632        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
 633            """
 634            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
 635            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
 636
 637            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 638            """
 639            return [
 640                (
 641                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
 642                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
 643                    else projection
 644                )
 645                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
 646            ]
 647
 648        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
 649            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 650            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 651                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
 652                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
 653
 654            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 655                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
 656                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
 657            """
 658            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
 659
 660            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
 661            this = self._parse_id_var()
 662
 663            if rollback:
 664                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
 665
 666            durability = None
 667            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
 668                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
 669                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 670
 671                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
 672                    durability = False
 673                else:
 674                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
 675                    durability = True
 676
 677                self._match_r_paren()
 678
 679            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
 680
 681        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
 682            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 683            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 684            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
 685            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
 686            ]
 687            """
 688            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
 689                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
 690                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
 691                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
 692
 693                return transaction
 694
 695            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 696
 697        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
 698            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
 699            returns = super()._parse_returns()
 700            returns.set("table", table)
 701            return returns
 702
 703        def _parse_convert(
 704            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
 705        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 706            this = self._parse_types()
 707            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 708            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
 709            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
 710            convert.set("safe", safe)
 711            convert.set("strict", strict)
 712            return convert
 713
 714        def _parse_user_defined_function(
 715            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
 716        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 717            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
 718
 719            if (
 720                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
 721                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
 722                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
 723            ):
 724                return this
 725
 726            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
 727                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
 728            else:
 729                expressions = None
 730
 731            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
 732
 733        def _parse_id_var(
 734            self,
 735            any_token: bool = True,
 736            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 737        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 738            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 739            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 740
 741            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 742            if this:
 743                if is_global:
 744                    this.set("global", True)
 745                elif is_temporary:
 746                    this.set("temporary", True)
 747
 748            return this
 749
 750        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
 751            create = super()._parse_create()
 752
 753            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
 754                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
 755                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
 756                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
 757                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
 758
 759                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
 760
 761            return create
 762
 763        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 764            index = self._index
 765
 766            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
 767                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
 768                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
 769                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
 770                self._retreat(index)
 771
 772            return super()._parse_if()
 773
 774        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
 775            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
 776                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
 777            else:
 778                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
 779
 780            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
 781
 782        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
 783            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
 784                return None
 785
 786            def parse_range():
 787                low = self._parse_bitwise()
 788                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
 789
 790                return (
 791                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
 792                )
 793
 794            partition = self.expression(
 795                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
 796            )
 797
 798            self._match_r_paren()
 799
 800            return partition
 801
 802        def _parse_declare(self) -> exp.Declare | exp.Command:
 803            index = self._index
 804            expressions = self._try_parse(partial(self._parse_csv, self._parse_declareitem))
 805
 806            if not expressions or self._curr:
 807                self._retreat(index)
 808                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 809
 810            return self.expression(exp.Declare, expressions=expressions)
 811
 812        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
 813            var = self._parse_id_var()
 814            if not var:
 815                return None
 816
 817            value = None
 818            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
 819            if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
 820                data_type = self._parse_schema()
 821            else:
 822                data_type = self._parse_types()
 823                if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
 824                    value = self._parse_bitwise()
 825
 826            return self.expression(exp.DeclareItem, this=var, kind=data_type, default=value)
 827
 828    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 829        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
 830        QUERY_HINTS = False
 831        RETURNING_END = False
 832        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
 833        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
 834        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
 835        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
 836        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
 837        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
 838        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
 839        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
 840        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
 841        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
 842        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
 843        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
 844        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
 845        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
 846        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
 847        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
 848
 849        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
 850            exp.Create,
 851            exp.Delete,
 852            exp.Insert,
 853            exp.Intersect,
 854            exp.Except,
 855            exp.Merge,
 856            exp.Select,
 857            exp.Subquery,
 858            exp.Union,
 859            exp.Update,
 860        }
 861
 862        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 863            exp.JSONPathKey,
 864            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 865            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 866        }
 867
 868        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 869            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 870            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
 871            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
 872            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
 873            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
 874            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
 875            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
 876            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
 877            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
 878            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
 879            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
 880            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
 881        }
 882
 883        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
 884        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
 885
 886        TRANSFORMS = {
 887            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 888            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
 889            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
 890            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
 891            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
 892            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 893            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 894            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 895            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 896            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
 897            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
 898            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 899            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
 900            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
 901            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
 902            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
 903            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
 904            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
 905            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 906            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
 907            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 908            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
 909            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
 910            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 911                [
 912                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 913                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 914                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
 915                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
 916                ]
 917            ),
 918            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
 919            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
 920                "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
 921            ),
 922            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 923            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
 924            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
 925                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
 926            ),
 927            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
 928            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
 929            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
 930            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
 931            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
 932            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 933        }
 934
 935        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
 936
 937        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
 938            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
 939            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 940        }
 941
 942        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
 943            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
 944
 945        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
 946            if expression.args.get("offset"):
 947                if not expression.args.get("order"):
 948                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
 949                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
 950                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
 951                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
 952
 953                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
 954                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
 955                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
 956                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
 957                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
 958
 959            return super().select_sql(expression)
 960
 961        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
 962            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
 963            return self.func(
 964                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
 965            )
 966
 967        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
 968            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
 969            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
 970            if value:
 971                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
 972                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
 973            return option
 974
 975        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
 976            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
 977            if cross_apply is True:
 978                return "CROSS APPLY"
 979            if cross_apply is False:
 980                return "OUTER APPLY"
 981
 982            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
 983            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
 984            return "LATERAL"
 985
 986        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
 987            this = expression.this
 988            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
 989            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
 990            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
 991
 992            if (
 993                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
 994                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
 995                or not part_index
 996                or split_count > 4
 997            ):
 998                self.unsupported(
 999                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
1000                )
1001                return ""
1002
1003            return self.func(
1004                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
1005            )
1006
1007        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
1008            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1009            if nano is not None:
1010                nano.pop()
1011                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
1012
1013            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
1014                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
1015            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
1016                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
1017
1018            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1019
1020        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
1021            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
1022            if zone is not None:
1023                zone.pop()
1024                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1025
1026            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1027            if nano is not None:
1028                nano.pop()
1029                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1030
1031            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
1032                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
1033
1034            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1035
1036        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
1037            this = expression.this
1038            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
1039                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
1040                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
1041
1042            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
1043
1044        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
1045            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
1046                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
1047            ):
1048                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
1049
1050            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
1051
1052        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
1053            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
1054                return self.binary(expression, "=")
1055            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
1056
1057        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
1058            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
1059            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
1060
1061            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
1062                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
1063                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
1064            ):
1065                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
1066
1067            return sql
1068
1069        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
1070            kind = expression.kind
1071            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
1072
1073            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
1074            if like_property:
1075                ctas_expression = like_property.this
1076            else:
1077                ctas_expression = expression.expression
1078
1079            if kind == "VIEW":
1080                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1081                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
1082                if ctas_expression and with_:
1083                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
1084                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
1085                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
1086                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
1087
1088            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
1089
1090            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
1091
1092            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
1093            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
1094                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
1095                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
1096
1097                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
1098                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
1099
1100                if like_property:
1101                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
1102
1103                sql = self.sql(select_into)
1104
1105            if exists:
1106                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
1107                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1108                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
1109                if kind == "SCHEMA":
1110                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1111                elif kind == "TABLE":
1112                    assert table
1113                    where = exp.and_(
1114                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
1115                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
1116                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
1117                    )
1118                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1119                elif kind == "INDEX":
1120                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
1121                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1122            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
1123                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
1124
1125            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1126
1127        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
1128            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
1129            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
1130
1131        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
1132            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
1133
1134        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
1135            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
1136            this = f"FOR {name}"
1137            expr = expression.expression
1138            kind = expression.text("kind")
1139            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
1140                args = expr.expressions
1141                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
1142                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
1143            else:
1144                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
1145
1146            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
1147            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
1148
1149        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1150            table = expression.args.get("table")
1151            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
1152            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1153
1154        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
1155            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
1156            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
1157            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
1158
1159        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
1160            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1161            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1162            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
1163            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
1164            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
1165
1166        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
1167            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1168            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1169            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
1170            durability = (
1171                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
1172                if durability is not None
1173                else ""
1174            )
1175            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
1176
1177        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
1178            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1179            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1180            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
1181
1182        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
1183            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
1184
1185            if expression.args.get("global"):
1186                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
1187            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
1188                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
1189
1190            return identifier
1191
1192        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
1193            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1194            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
1195            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
1196
1197        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
1198            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
1199
1200        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
1201            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
1202
1203        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
1204            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
1205
1206        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
1207            this = expression.this
1208            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
1209                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
1210            else:
1211                this_sql = self.sql(this)
1212            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1213            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
1214
1215        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
1216            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
1217
1218        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
1219            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
1220            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
1221                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
1222            return super().alter_sql(expression)
1223
1224        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
1225            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
1226                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1227            return super().drop_sql(expression)
1228
1229        def declare_sql(self, expression: exp.Declare) -> str:
1230            return f"DECLARE {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}"
1231
1232        def declareitem_sql(self, expression: exp.DeclareItem) -> str:
1233            variable = self.sql(expression, "this")
1234            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
1235            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
1236
1237            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind")
1238            if isinstance(expression.args.get("kind"), exp.Schema):
1239                kind = f"TABLE {kind}"
1240
1241            return f"{variable} AS {kind}{default}"
1242
1243        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
1244            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
1245            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
1246
1247        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
1248            return self.sql(
1249                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
1250            )
FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {'weekday': '%A', 'dw': '%A', 'w': '%A', 'month': '%B', 'mm': '%B', 'm': '%B'}
DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {'year': 'year', 'yyyy': 'year', 'yy': 'year', 'quarter': 'quarter', 'qq': 'quarter', 'q': 'quarter', 'month': 'month', 'mm': 'month', 'm': 'month', 'week': 'week', 'ww': 'week', 'wk': 'week', 'day': 'day', 'dd': 'day', 'd': 'day'}
DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile('([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})')
TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {'C', 'N'}
DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
OPTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING': (), 'FAST': (), 'IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX': (), 'LABEL': (), 'MAXDOP': (), 'MAXRECURSION': (), 'MAX_GRANT_PERCENT': (), 'MIN_GRANT_PERCENT': (), 'NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL': (), 'QUERYTRACEON': (), 'RECOMPILE': (), 'CONCAT': ('UNION',), 'DISABLE': ('EXTERNALPUSHDOWN', 'SCALEOUTEXECUTION'), 'EXPAND': ('VIEWS',), 'FORCE': ('EXTERNALPUSHDOWN', 'ORDER', 'SCALEOUTEXECUTION'), 'HASH': ('GROUP', 'JOIN', 'UNION'), 'KEEP': ('PLAN',), 'KEEPFIXED': ('PLAN',), 'LOOP': ('JOIN',), 'MERGE': ('JOIN', 'UNION'), 'OPTIMIZE': (('FOR', 'UNKNOWN'),), 'ORDER': ('GROUP',), 'PARAMETERIZATION': ('FORCED', 'SIMPLE'), 'ROBUST': ('PLAN',), 'USE': ('PLAN',)}
OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ('MAX_GRANT_PERCENT', 'MIN_GRANT_PERCENT', 'LABEL')
DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {'WK', 'HOUR', 'QUARTER', 'DW'}
def qualify_derived_table_outputs( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression:
252def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
253    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
254    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
255
256    if (
257        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
258        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
259        and not alias.columns
260    ):
261        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
262
263        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
264        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
265        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
266        query = expression.this
267        unaliased_column_indexes = (
268            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
269        )
270
271        qualify_outputs(query)
272
273        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
274        query_selects = query.selects
275        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
276            alias = query_selects[select_index]
277            column = alias.this
278            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
279                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
280
281    return expression

Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries.

class TSQL(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect):
 374class TSQL(Dialect):
 375    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
 376    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
 377    TYPED_DIVISION = True
 378    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
 379    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 380
 381    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
 382
 383    TIME_MAPPING = {
 384        "year": "%Y",
 385        "dayofyear": "%j",
 386        "day": "%d",
 387        "dy": "%d",
 388        "y": "%Y",
 389        "week": "%W",
 390        "ww": "%W",
 391        "wk": "%W",
 392        "hour": "%h",
 393        "hh": "%I",
 394        "minute": "%M",
 395        "mi": "%M",
 396        "n": "%M",
 397        "second": "%S",
 398        "ss": "%S",
 399        "s": "%-S",
 400        "millisecond": "%f",
 401        "ms": "%f",
 402        "weekday": "%w",
 403        "dw": "%w",
 404        "month": "%m",
 405        "mm": "%M",
 406        "m": "%-M",
 407        "Y": "%Y",
 408        "YYYY": "%Y",
 409        "YY": "%y",
 410        "MMMM": "%B",
 411        "MMM": "%b",
 412        "MM": "%m",
 413        "M": "%-m",
 414        "dddd": "%A",
 415        "dd": "%d",
 416        "d": "%-d",
 417        "HH": "%H",
 418        "H": "%-H",
 419        "h": "%-I",
 420        "ffffff": "%f",
 421        "yyyy": "%Y",
 422        "yy": "%y",
 423    }
 424
 425    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
 426        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 427        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
 428        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
 429        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
 430        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
 431        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
 432        "6": "%d %b %y",
 433        "7": "%b %d, %y",
 434        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
 435        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 436        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
 437        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
 438        "12": "yymmdd",
 439        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
 440        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 441        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 442        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 443        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 444        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
 445        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
 446        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 447        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 448        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
 449        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
 450        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
 451        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
 452        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
 453        "106": "%d %b %Y",
 454        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
 455        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
 456        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 457        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
 458        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
 459        "112": "%Y%m%d",
 460        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
 461        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 462        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 463        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 464    }
 465
 466    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
 467        "y": "%B %Y",
 468        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
 469        "H": "%-H",
 470        "h": "%-I",
 471        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 472        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
 473        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
 474        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 475        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
 476        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 477        "M": "%B %-d",
 478        "m": "%B %-d",
 479        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
 480        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
 481        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
 482        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
 483        "t": "%-I:%M",
 484        "Y": "%a %Y",
 485    }
 486
 487    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
 488        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
 489        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
 490        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
 491        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
 492
 493        KEYWORDS = {
 494            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
 495            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 496            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
 497            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 498            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
 499            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
 500            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
 501            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
 502            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
 503            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 504            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
 505            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
 506            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
 507            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
 508            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
 509            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
 510            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 511            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
 512            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
 513            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
 514            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
 515            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
 516            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 517            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
 518            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
 519            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
 520            "XML": TokenType.XML,
 521        }
 522        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
 523
 524        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}
 525
 526    class Parser(parser.Parser):
 527        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
 528        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
 529        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
 530        STRING_ALIASES = True
 531        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
 532
 533        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
 534            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
 535            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
 536        }
 537
 538        FUNCTIONS = {
 539            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 540            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
 541                this=seq_get(args, 1),
 542                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
 543                position=seq_get(args, 2),
 544            ),
 545            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
 546                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
 547            ),
 548            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
 549                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
 550            ),
 551            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 552            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 553            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
 554            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
 555            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
 556            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
 557            "FORMAT": _build_format,
 558            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 559            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
 560            "ISNULL": build_coalesce,
 561            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
 562            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
 563            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
 564            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
 565            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
 566            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
 567            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
 568            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
 569            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 570            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 571            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 572            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 573            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
 574        }
 575
 576        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
 577
 578        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
 579            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
 580        )
 581
 582        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
 583            TokenType.TABLE,
 584            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
 585        }
 586
 587        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
 588            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
 589            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
 590        }
 591
 592        RANGE_PARSERS = {
 593            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
 594            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
 595                exp.ScopeResolution,
 596                this=this,
 597                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
 598            ),
 599        }
 600
 601        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
 602        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
 603            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
 604            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
 605            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
 606            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
 607        }
 608
 609        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 610            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
 611            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
 612            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
 613                return self._parse_types()
 614
 615            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
 616
 617        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
 618            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
 619                return None
 620
 621            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 622                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
 623                if not option:
 624                    return None
 625
 626                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 627                return self.expression(
 628                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
 629                )
 630
 631            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
 632
 633        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
 634            """
 635            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
 636            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
 637
 638            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 639            """
 640            return [
 641                (
 642                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
 643                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
 644                    else projection
 645                )
 646                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
 647            ]
 648
 649        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
 650            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 651            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 652                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
 653                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
 654
 655            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 656                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
 657                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
 658            """
 659            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
 660
 661            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
 662            this = self._parse_id_var()
 663
 664            if rollback:
 665                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
 666
 667            durability = None
 668            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
 669                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
 670                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 671
 672                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
 673                    durability = False
 674                else:
 675                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
 676                    durability = True
 677
 678                self._match_r_paren()
 679
 680            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
 681
 682        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
 683            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 684            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 685            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
 686            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
 687            ]
 688            """
 689            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
 690                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
 691                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
 692                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
 693
 694                return transaction
 695
 696            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 697
 698        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
 699            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
 700            returns = super()._parse_returns()
 701            returns.set("table", table)
 702            return returns
 703
 704        def _parse_convert(
 705            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
 706        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 707            this = self._parse_types()
 708            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 709            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
 710            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
 711            convert.set("safe", safe)
 712            convert.set("strict", strict)
 713            return convert
 714
 715        def _parse_user_defined_function(
 716            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
 717        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 718            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
 719
 720            if (
 721                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
 722                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
 723                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
 724            ):
 725                return this
 726
 727            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
 728                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
 729            else:
 730                expressions = None
 731
 732            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
 733
 734        def _parse_id_var(
 735            self,
 736            any_token: bool = True,
 737            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 738        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 739            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 740            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 741
 742            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 743            if this:
 744                if is_global:
 745                    this.set("global", True)
 746                elif is_temporary:
 747                    this.set("temporary", True)
 748
 749            return this
 750
 751        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
 752            create = super()._parse_create()
 753
 754            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
 755                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
 756                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
 757                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
 758                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
 759
 760                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
 761
 762            return create
 763
 764        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 765            index = self._index
 766
 767            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
 768                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
 769                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
 770                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
 771                self._retreat(index)
 772
 773            return super()._parse_if()
 774
 775        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
 776            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
 777                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
 778            else:
 779                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
 780
 781            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
 782
 783        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
 784            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
 785                return None
 786
 787            def parse_range():
 788                low = self._parse_bitwise()
 789                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
 790
 791                return (
 792                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
 793                )
 794
 795            partition = self.expression(
 796                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
 797            )
 798
 799            self._match_r_paren()
 800
 801            return partition
 802
 803        def _parse_declare(self) -> exp.Declare | exp.Command:
 804            index = self._index
 805            expressions = self._try_parse(partial(self._parse_csv, self._parse_declareitem))
 806
 807            if not expressions or self._curr:
 808                self._retreat(index)
 809                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 810
 811            return self.expression(exp.Declare, expressions=expressions)
 812
 813        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
 814            var = self._parse_id_var()
 815            if not var:
 816                return None
 817
 818            value = None
 819            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
 820            if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
 821                data_type = self._parse_schema()
 822            else:
 823                data_type = self._parse_types()
 824                if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
 825                    value = self._parse_bitwise()
 826
 827            return self.expression(exp.DeclareItem, this=var, kind=data_type, default=value)
 828
 829    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 830        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
 831        QUERY_HINTS = False
 832        RETURNING_END = False
 833        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
 834        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
 835        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
 836        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
 837        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
 838        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
 839        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
 840        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
 841        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
 842        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
 843        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
 844        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
 845        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
 846        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
 847        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
 848        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
 849
 850        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
 851            exp.Create,
 852            exp.Delete,
 853            exp.Insert,
 854            exp.Intersect,
 855            exp.Except,
 856            exp.Merge,
 857            exp.Select,
 858            exp.Subquery,
 859            exp.Union,
 860            exp.Update,
 861        }
 862
 863        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 864            exp.JSONPathKey,
 865            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 866            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 867        }
 868
 869        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 870            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 871            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
 872            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
 873            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
 874            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
 875            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
 876            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
 877            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
 878            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
 879            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
 880            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
 881            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
 882        }
 883
 884        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
 885        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
 886
 887        TRANSFORMS = {
 888            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 889            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
 890            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
 891            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
 892            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
 893            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 894            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 895            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 896            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 897            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
 898            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
 899            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 900            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
 901            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
 902            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
 903            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
 904            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
 905            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
 906            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 907            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
 908            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 909            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
 910            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
 911            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 912                [
 913                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 914                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 915                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
 916                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
 917                ]
 918            ),
 919            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
 920            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
 921                "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
 922            ),
 923            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 924            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
 925            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
 926                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
 927            ),
 928            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
 929            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
 930            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
 931            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
 932            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
 933            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 934        }
 935
 936        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
 937
 938        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
 939            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
 940            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 941        }
 942
 943        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
 944            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
 945
 946        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
 947            if expression.args.get("offset"):
 948                if not expression.args.get("order"):
 949                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
 950                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
 951                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
 952                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
 953
 954                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
 955                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
 956                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
 957                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
 958                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
 959
 960            return super().select_sql(expression)
 961
 962        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
 963            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
 964            return self.func(
 965                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
 966            )
 967
 968        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
 969            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
 970            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
 971            if value:
 972                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
 973                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
 974            return option
 975
 976        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
 977            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
 978            if cross_apply is True:
 979                return "CROSS APPLY"
 980            if cross_apply is False:
 981                return "OUTER APPLY"
 982
 983            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
 984            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
 985            return "LATERAL"
 986
 987        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
 988            this = expression.this
 989            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
 990            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
 991            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
 992
 993            if (
 994                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
 995                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
 996                or not part_index
 997                or split_count > 4
 998            ):
 999                self.unsupported(
1000                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
1001                )
1002                return ""
1003
1004            return self.func(
1005                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
1006            )
1007
1008        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
1009            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1010            if nano is not None:
1011                nano.pop()
1012                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
1013
1014            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
1015                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
1016            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
1017                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
1018
1019            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1020
1021        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
1022            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
1023            if zone is not None:
1024                zone.pop()
1025                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1026
1027            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1028            if nano is not None:
1029                nano.pop()
1030                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1031
1032            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
1033                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
1034
1035            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1036
1037        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
1038            this = expression.this
1039            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
1040                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
1041                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
1042
1043            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
1044
1045        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
1046            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
1047                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
1048            ):
1049                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
1050
1051            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
1052
1053        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
1054            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
1055                return self.binary(expression, "=")
1056            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
1057
1058        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
1059            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
1060            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
1061
1062            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
1063                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
1064                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
1065            ):
1066                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
1067
1068            return sql
1069
1070        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
1071            kind = expression.kind
1072            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
1073
1074            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
1075            if like_property:
1076                ctas_expression = like_property.this
1077            else:
1078                ctas_expression = expression.expression
1079
1080            if kind == "VIEW":
1081                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1082                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
1083                if ctas_expression and with_:
1084                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
1085                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
1086                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
1087                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
1088
1089            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
1090
1091            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
1092
1093            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
1094            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
1095                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
1096                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
1097
1098                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
1099                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
1100
1101                if like_property:
1102                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
1103
1104                sql = self.sql(select_into)
1105
1106            if exists:
1107                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
1108                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1109                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
1110                if kind == "SCHEMA":
1111                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1112                elif kind == "TABLE":
1113                    assert table
1114                    where = exp.and_(
1115                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
1116                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
1117                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
1118                    )
1119                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1120                elif kind == "INDEX":
1121                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
1122                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1123            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
1124                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
1125
1126            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1127
1128        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
1129            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
1130            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
1131
1132        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
1133            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
1134
1135        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
1136            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
1137            this = f"FOR {name}"
1138            expr = expression.expression
1139            kind = expression.text("kind")
1140            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
1141                args = expr.expressions
1142                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
1143                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
1144            else:
1145                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
1146
1147            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
1148            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
1149
1150        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1151            table = expression.args.get("table")
1152            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
1153            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1154
1155        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
1156            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
1157            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
1158            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
1159
1160        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
1161            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1162            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1163            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
1164            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
1165            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
1166
1167        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
1168            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1169            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1170            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
1171            durability = (
1172                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
1173                if durability is not None
1174                else ""
1175            )
1176            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
1177
1178        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
1179            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1180            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1181            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
1182
1183        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
1184            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
1185
1186            if expression.args.get("global"):
1187                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
1188            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
1189                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
1190
1191            return identifier
1192
1193        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
1194            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1195            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
1196            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
1197
1198        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
1199            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
1200
1201        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
1202            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
1203
1204        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
1205            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
1206
1207        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
1208            this = expression.this
1209            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
1210                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
1211            else:
1212                this_sql = self.sql(this)
1213            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1214            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
1215
1216        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
1217            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
1218
1219        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
1220            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
1221            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
1222                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
1223            return super().alter_sql(expression)
1224
1225        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
1226            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
1227                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1228            return super().drop_sql(expression)
1229
1230        def declare_sql(self, expression: exp.Declare) -> str:
1231            return f"DECLARE {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}"
1232
1233        def declareitem_sql(self, expression: exp.DeclareItem) -> str:
1234            variable = self.sql(expression, "this")
1235            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
1236            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
1237
1238            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind")
1239            if isinstance(expression.args.get("kind"), exp.Schema):
1240                kind = f"TABLE {kind}"
1241
1242            return f"{variable} AS {kind}{default}"
1243
1244        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
1245            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
1246            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
1247
1248        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
1249            return self.sql(
1250                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
1251            )
SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Whether SEMI or ANTI joins are supported.

LOG_BASE_FIRST: Optional[bool] = False

Whether the base comes first in the LOG function. Possible values: True, False, None (two arguments are not supported by LOG)

TYPED_DIVISION = True

Whether the behavior of a / b depends on the types of a and b. False means a / b is always float division. True means a / b is integer division if both a and b are integers.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A NULL arg in CONCAT yields NULL by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'year': '%Y', 'dayofyear': '%j', 'day': '%d', 'dy': '%d', 'y': '%Y', 'week': '%W', 'ww': '%W', 'wk': '%W', 'hour': '%h', 'hh': '%I', 'minute': '%M', 'mi': '%M', 'n': '%M', 'second': '%S', 'ss': '%S', 's': '%-S', 'millisecond': '%f', 'ms': '%f', 'weekday': '%w', 'dw': '%w', 'month': '%m', 'mm': '%M', 'm': '%-M', 'Y': '%Y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'MMMM': '%B', 'MMM': '%b', 'MM': '%m', 'M': '%-m', 'dddd': '%A', 'dd': '%d', 'd': '%-d', 'HH': '%H', 'H': '%-H', 'h': '%-I', 'ffffff': '%f', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'yy': '%y'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python strftime formats.

CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {'0': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p', '1': '%m/%d/%y', '2': '%y.%m.%d', '3': '%d/%m/%y', '4': '%d.%m.%y', '5': '%d-%m-%y', '6': '%d %b %y', '7': '%b %d, %y', '8': '%H:%M:%S', '9': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p', '10': 'mm-dd-yy', '11': 'yy/mm/dd', '12': 'yymmdd', '13': '%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f', '14': '%H:%M:%S:%f', '20': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '21': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '22': '%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p', '23': '%Y-%m-%d', '24': '%H:%M:%S', '25': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '100': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p', '101': '%m/%d/%Y', '102': '%Y.%m.%d', '103': '%d/%m/%Y', '104': '%d.%m.%Y', '105': '%d-%m-%Y', '106': '%d %b %Y', '107': '%b %d, %Y', '108': '%H:%M:%S', '109': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p', '110': '%m-%d-%Y', '111': '%Y/%m/%d', '112': '%Y%m%d', '113': '%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f', '114': '%H:%M:%S:%f', '120': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '121': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f'}
FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {'y': '%B %Y', 'd': '%m/%d/%Y', 'H': '%-H', 'h': '%-I', 's': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', 'D': '%A,%B,%Y', 'f': '%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p', 'F': '%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p', 'g': '%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p', 'G': '%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p', 'M': '%B %-d', 'm': '%B %-d', 'O': '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S', 'u': '%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z', 'U': '%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z', 'T': '%-I:%M:%S %p', 't': '%-I:%M', 'Y': '%a %Y'}
SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

tokenizer_class = <class 'TSQL.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'TSQL.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'TSQL.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {0: True}}}}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {0: True}}}}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%Y': 'yyyy', '%j': 'dayofyear', '%d': 'dd', '%W': 'wk', '%h': 'hour', '%I': 'hh', '%M': 'mm', '%S': 'ss', '%-S': 's', '%f': 'ffffff', '%w': 'dw', '%m': 'MM', '%-M': 'm', '%y': 'yy', '%B': 'MMMM', '%b': 'MMM', '%-m': 'M', '%A': 'dddd', '%-d': 'd', '%H': 'HH', '%-H': 'H', '%-I': 'h'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'Y': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, '-': {'S': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'f': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '['
IDENTIFIER_END = ']'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = '0x'
HEX_END: Optional[str] = ''
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
class TSQL.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer):
487    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
488        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
489        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
490        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
491        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
492
493        KEYWORDS = {
494            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
495            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
496            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
497            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
498            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
499            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
500            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
501            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
502            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
503            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
504            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
505            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
506            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
507            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
508            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
509            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
510            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
511            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
512            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
513            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
514            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
515            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
516            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
517            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
518            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
519            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
520            "XML": TokenType.XML,
521        }
522        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
523
524        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}
IDENTIFIERS = [('[', ']'), '"']
QUOTES = ["'", '"']
HEX_STRINGS = [('0x', ''), ('0X', '')]
VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {'#', '@', '$'}
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'CLUSTERED INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'DATETIME2': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'DATETIMEOFFSET': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.DECLARE: 'DECLARE'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'FOR SYSTEM_TIME': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'IMAGE': <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'NONCLUSTERED INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'NTEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'OPTION': <TokenType.OPTION: 'OPTION'>, 'OUTPUT': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'PRINT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PROC': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'ROWVERSION': <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, 'SMALLDATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'SMALLMONEY': <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, 'SQL_VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'SYSTEM_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER': <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, 'UPDATE STATISTICS': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'XML': <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>}
COMMANDS = {<TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>}
class TSQL.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser):
526    class Parser(parser.Parser):
527        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
528        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
529        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
530        STRING_ALIASES = True
531        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
532
533        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
534            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
535            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
536        }
537
538        FUNCTIONS = {
539            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
540            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
541                this=seq_get(args, 1),
542                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
543                position=seq_get(args, 2),
544            ),
545            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
546                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
547            ),
548            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
549                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
550            ),
551            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
552            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
553            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
554            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
555            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
556            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
557            "FORMAT": _build_format,
558            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
559            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
560            "ISNULL": build_coalesce,
561            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
562            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
563            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
564            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
565            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
566            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
567            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
568            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
569            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
570            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
571            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
572            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
573            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
574        }
575
576        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
577
578        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
579            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
580        )
581
582        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
583            TokenType.TABLE,
584            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
585        }
586
587        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
588            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
589            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
590        }
591
592        RANGE_PARSERS = {
593            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
594            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
595                exp.ScopeResolution,
596                this=this,
597                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
598            ),
599        }
600
601        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
602        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
603            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
604            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
605            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
606            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
607        }
608
609        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
610            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
611            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
612            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
613                return self._parse_types()
614
615            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
616
617        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
618            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
619                return None
620
621            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
622                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
623                if not option:
624                    return None
625
626                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
627                return self.expression(
628                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
629                )
630
631            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
632
633        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
634            """
635            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
636            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
637
638            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
639            """
640            return [
641                (
642                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
643                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
644                    else projection
645                )
646                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
647            ]
648
649        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
650            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
651            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
652                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
653                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
654
655            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
656                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
657                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
658            """
659            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
660
661            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
662            this = self._parse_id_var()
663
664            if rollback:
665                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
666
667            durability = None
668            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
669                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
670                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
671
672                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
673                    durability = False
674                else:
675                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
676                    durability = True
677
678                self._match_r_paren()
679
680            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
681
682        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
683            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
684            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
685            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
686            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
687            ]
688            """
689            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
690                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
691                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
692                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
693
694                return transaction
695
696            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
697
698        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
699            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
700            returns = super()._parse_returns()
701            returns.set("table", table)
702            return returns
703
704        def _parse_convert(
705            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
706        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
707            this = self._parse_types()
708            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
709            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
710            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
711            convert.set("safe", safe)
712            convert.set("strict", strict)
713            return convert
714
715        def _parse_user_defined_function(
716            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
717        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
718            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
719
720            if (
721                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
722                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
723                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
724            ):
725                return this
726
727            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
728                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
729            else:
730                expressions = None
731
732            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
733
734        def _parse_id_var(
735            self,
736            any_token: bool = True,
737            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
738        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
739            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
740            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
741
742            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
743            if this:
744                if is_global:
745                    this.set("global", True)
746                elif is_temporary:
747                    this.set("temporary", True)
748
749            return this
750
751        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
752            create = super()._parse_create()
753
754            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
755                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
756                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
757                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
758                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
759
760                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
761
762            return create
763
764        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
765            index = self._index
766
767            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
768                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
769                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
770                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
771                self._retreat(index)
772
773            return super()._parse_if()
774
775        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
776            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
777                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
778            else:
779                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
780
781            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
782
783        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
784            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
785                return None
786
787            def parse_range():
788                low = self._parse_bitwise()
789                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
790
791                return (
792                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
793                )
794
795            partition = self.expression(
796                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
797            )
798
799            self._match_r_paren()
800
801            return partition
802
803        def _parse_declare(self) -> exp.Declare | exp.Command:
804            index = self._index
805            expressions = self._try_parse(partial(self._parse_csv, self._parse_declareitem))
806
807            if not expressions or self._curr:
808                self._retreat(index)
809                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
810
811            return self.expression(exp.Declare, expressions=expressions)
812
813        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
814            var = self._parse_id_var()
815            if not var:
816                return None
817
818            value = None
819            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
820            if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
821                data_type = self._parse_schema()
822            else:
823                data_type = self._parse_types()
824                if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
825                    value = self._parse_bitwise()
826
827            return self.expression(exp.DeclareItem, this=var, kind=data_type, default=value)

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
STRING_ALIASES = True
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PREWHERE: 'PREWHERE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OPTION: 'OPTION'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Contains'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function 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method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 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'J_S_O_N_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'J_S_O_N_VALUE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAKE_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MEDIAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': 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'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <function _build_timefromparts>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'CHARINDEX': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_BIG': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATEADD': <function build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATENAME': <function _build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'DATEPART': <function _build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'DATETIMEFROMPARTS': <function _build_datetimefromparts>, 'EOMONTH': <function _build_eomonth>, 'FORMAT': <function _build_format>, 'GETDATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'HASHBYTES': <function _build_hashbytes>, 'ISNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'JSON_QUERY': <function _build_json_query>, 'JSON_VALUE': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'PARSENAME': <function _build_parsename>, 'REPLICATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'SQUARE': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSDATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'SUSER_NAME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'SUSER_SNAME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'SYSTEM_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>}
JOIN_HINTS = {'HASH', 'LOOP', 'REMOTE', 'MERGE'}
PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = {'ENCRYPTION': (), 'RECOMPILE': (), 'SCHEMABINDING': (), 'NATIVE_COMPILATION': (), 'EXECUTE': ()}
RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DECLARE: 'DECLARE'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
COLUMN_OPERATORS = {<TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>: None, <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ALTERABLES
INTERVAL_VARS
ALIAS_TOKENS
ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
ASSIGNMENT
DISJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
BITWISE
TERM
FACTOR
EXPONENT
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
LAMBDAS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
STRING_PARSERS
NUMERIC_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
PROPERTY_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
FUNCTION_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
TYPE_CONVERTERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
CONFLICT_ACTIONS
CREATE_SEQUENCE
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
USABLES
CAST_ACTIONS
SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
SELECT_START_TOKENS
COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
DESCRIBE_STYLES
OPERATION_MODIFIERS
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
INTERVAL_SPANS
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
class TSQL.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator):
 829    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 830        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
 831        QUERY_HINTS = False
 832        RETURNING_END = False
 833        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
 834        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
 835        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
 836        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
 837        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
 838        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
 839        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
 840        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
 841        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
 842        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
 843        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
 844        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
 845        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
 846        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
 847        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
 848        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
 849
 850        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
 851            exp.Create,
 852            exp.Delete,
 853            exp.Insert,
 854            exp.Intersect,
 855            exp.Except,
 856            exp.Merge,
 857            exp.Select,
 858            exp.Subquery,
 859            exp.Union,
 860            exp.Update,
 861        }
 862
 863        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 864            exp.JSONPathKey,
 865            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 866            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 867        }
 868
 869        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 870            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 871            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
 872            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
 873            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
 874            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
 875            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
 876            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
 877            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
 878            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
 879            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
 880            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
 881            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
 882        }
 883
 884        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
 885        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
 886
 887        TRANSFORMS = {
 888            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 889            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
 890            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
 891            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
 892            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
 893            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 894            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 895            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 896            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 897            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
 898            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
 899            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 900            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
 901            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
 902            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
 903            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
 904            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
 905            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
 906            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 907            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
 908            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 909            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
 910            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
 911            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 912                [
 913                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 914                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 915                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
 916                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
 917                ]
 918            ),
 919            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
 920            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
 921                "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
 922            ),
 923            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 924            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
 925            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
 926                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
 927            ),
 928            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
 929            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
 930            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
 931            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
 932            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
 933            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 934        }
 935
 936        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
 937
 938        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
 939            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
 940            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 941        }
 942
 943        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
 944            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
 945
 946        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
 947            if expression.args.get("offset"):
 948                if not expression.args.get("order"):
 949                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
 950                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
 951                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
 952                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
 953
 954                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
 955                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
 956                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
 957                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
 958                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
 959
 960            return super().select_sql(expression)
 961
 962        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
 963            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
 964            return self.func(
 965                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
 966            )
 967
 968        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
 969            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
 970            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
 971            if value:
 972                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
 973                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
 974            return option
 975
 976        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
 977            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
 978            if cross_apply is True:
 979                return "CROSS APPLY"
 980            if cross_apply is False:
 981                return "OUTER APPLY"
 982
 983            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
 984            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
 985            return "LATERAL"
 986
 987        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
 988            this = expression.this
 989            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
 990            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
 991            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
 992
 993            if (
 994                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
 995                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
 996                or not part_index
 997                or split_count > 4
 998            ):
 999                self.unsupported(
1000                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
1001                )
1002                return ""
1003
1004            return self.func(
1005                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
1006            )
1007
1008        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
1009            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1010            if nano is not None:
1011                nano.pop()
1012                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
1013
1014            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
1015                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
1016            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
1017                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
1018
1019            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1020
1021        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
1022            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
1023            if zone is not None:
1024                zone.pop()
1025                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1026
1027            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1028            if nano is not None:
1029                nano.pop()
1030                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1031
1032            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
1033                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
1034
1035            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1036
1037        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
1038            this = expression.this
1039            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
1040                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
1041                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
1042
1043            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
1044
1045        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
1046            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
1047                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
1048            ):
1049                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
1050
1051            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
1052
1053        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
1054            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
1055                return self.binary(expression, "=")
1056            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
1057
1058        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
1059            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
1060            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
1061
1062            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
1063                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
1064                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
1065            ):
1066                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
1067
1068            return sql
1069
1070        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
1071            kind = expression.kind
1072            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
1073
1074            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
1075            if like_property:
1076                ctas_expression = like_property.this
1077            else:
1078                ctas_expression = expression.expression
1079
1080            if kind == "VIEW":
1081                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1082                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
1083                if ctas_expression and with_:
1084                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
1085                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
1086                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
1087                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
1088
1089            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
1090
1091            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
1092
1093            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
1094            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
1095                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
1096                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
1097
1098                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
1099                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
1100
1101                if like_property:
1102                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
1103
1104                sql = self.sql(select_into)
1105
1106            if exists:
1107                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
1108                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1109                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
1110                if kind == "SCHEMA":
1111                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1112                elif kind == "TABLE":
1113                    assert table
1114                    where = exp.and_(
1115                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
1116                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
1117                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
1118                    )
1119                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1120                elif kind == "INDEX":
1121                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
1122                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1123            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
1124                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
1125
1126            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1127
1128        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
1129            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
1130            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
1131
1132        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
1133            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
1134
1135        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
1136            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
1137            this = f"FOR {name}"
1138            expr = expression.expression
1139            kind = expression.text("kind")
1140            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
1141                args = expr.expressions
1142                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
1143                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
1144            else:
1145                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
1146
1147            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
1148            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
1149
1150        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1151            table = expression.args.get("table")
1152            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
1153            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1154
1155        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
1156            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
1157            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
1158            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
1159
1160        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
1161            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1162            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1163            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
1164            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
1165            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
1166
1167        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
1168            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1169            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1170            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
1171            durability = (
1172                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
1173                if durability is not None
1174                else ""
1175            )
1176            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
1177
1178        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
1179            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1180            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1181            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
1182
1183        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
1184            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
1185
1186            if expression.args.get("global"):
1187                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
1188            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
1189                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
1190
1191            return identifier
1192
1193        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
1194            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1195            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
1196            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
1197
1198        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
1199            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
1200
1201        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
1202            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
1203
1204        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
1205            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
1206
1207        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
1208            this = expression.this
1209            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
1210                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
1211            else:
1212                this_sql = self.sql(this)
1213            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1214            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
1215
1216        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
1217            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
1218
1219        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
1220            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
1221            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
1222                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
1223            return super().alter_sql(expression)
1224
1225        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
1226            if expression.args["kind"]