sqlglot.dialects.tsql

   1from __future__ import annotations
   2
   3import datetime
   4import re
   5import typing as t
   6from functools import reduce
   7
   8from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
   9from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  10    Dialect,
  11    NormalizationStrategy,
  12    any_value_to_max_sql,
  13    build_date_delta,
  14    date_delta_sql,
  15    datestrtodate_sql,
  16    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
  17    max_or_greatest,
  18    min_or_least,
  19    rename_func,
  20    strposition_sql,
  21    timestrtotime_sql,
  22    trim_sql,
  23)
  24from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
  25from sqlglot.parser import build_coalesce
  26from sqlglot.time import format_time
  27from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
  28
  29if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
  30    from sqlglot._typing import E
  31
  32FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
  33    "weekday": "%A",
  34    "dw": "%A",
  35    "w": "%A",
  36    "month": "%B",
  37    "mm": "%B",
  38    "m": "%B",
  39}
  40
  41DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {
  42    "year": "year",
  43    "yyyy": "year",
  44    "yy": "year",
  45    "quarter": "quarter",
  46    "qq": "quarter",
  47    "q": "quarter",
  48    "month": "month",
  49    "mm": "month",
  50    "m": "month",
  51    "week": "week",
  52    "ww": "week",
  53    "wk": "week",
  54    "day": "day",
  55    "dd": "day",
  56    "d": "day",
  57}
  58
  59
  60DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile("([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})")
  61
  62# N = Numeric, C=Currency
  63TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {"N", "C"}
  64
  65DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
  66
  67BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias}
  68
  69# Unsupported options:
  70# - OPTIMIZE FOR ( @variable_name { UNKNOWN | = <literal_constant> } [ , ...n ] )
  71# - TABLE HINT
  72OPTIONS: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = {
  73    **dict.fromkeys(
  74        (
  75            "DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING",
  76            "FAST",
  77            "IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX",
  78            "LABEL",
  79            "MAXDOP",
  80            "MAXRECURSION",
  81            "MAX_GRANT_PERCENT",
  82            "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT",
  83            "NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL",
  84            "QUERYTRACEON",
  85            "RECOMPILE",
  86        ),
  87        tuple(),
  88    ),
  89    "CONCAT": ("UNION",),
  90    "DISABLE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
  91    "EXPAND": ("VIEWS",),
  92    "FORCE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "ORDER", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
  93    "HASH": ("GROUP", "JOIN", "UNION"),
  94    "KEEP": ("PLAN",),
  95    "KEEPFIXED": ("PLAN",),
  96    "LOOP": ("JOIN",),
  97    "MERGE": ("JOIN", "UNION"),
  98    "OPTIMIZE": (("FOR", "UNKNOWN"),),
  99    "ORDER": ("GROUP",),
 100    "PARAMETERIZATION": ("FORCED", "SIMPLE"),
 101    "ROBUST": ("PLAN",),
 102    "USE": ("PLAN",),
 103}
 104
 105
 106XML_OPTIONS: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = {
 107    **dict.fromkeys(
 108        (
 109            "AUTO",
 110            "EXPLICIT",
 111            "TYPE",
 112        ),
 113        tuple(),
 114    ),
 115    "ELEMENTS": (
 116        "XSINIL",
 117        "ABSENT",
 118    ),
 119    "BINARY": ("BASE64",),
 120}
 121
 122
 123OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ("MAX_GRANT_PERCENT", "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT", "LABEL")
 124
 125
 126def _build_formatted_time(
 127    exp_class: t.Type[E], full_format_mapping: t.Optional[bool] = None
 128) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 129    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 130        fmt = seq_get(args, 0)
 131        if isinstance(fmt, exp.Expression):
 132            fmt = exp.Literal.string(
 133                format_time(
 134                    fmt.name.lower(),
 135                    (
 136                        {**TSQL.TIME_MAPPING, **FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING}
 137                        if full_format_mapping
 138                        else TSQL.TIME_MAPPING
 139                    ),
 140                )
 141            )
 142
 143        this = seq_get(args, 1)
 144        if isinstance(this, exp.Expression):
 145            this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2)
 146
 147        return exp_class(this=this, format=fmt)
 148
 149    return _builder
 150
 151
 152def _build_format(args: t.List) -> exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr:
 153    this = seq_get(args, 0)
 154    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
 155    culture = seq_get(args, 2)
 156
 157    number_fmt = fmt and (fmt.name in TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT or not DATE_FMT_RE.search(fmt.name))
 158
 159    if number_fmt:
 160        return exp.NumberToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 161
 162    if fmt:
 163        fmt = exp.Literal.string(
 164            format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING)
 165            if len(fmt.name) == 1
 166            else format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.TIME_MAPPING)
 167        )
 168
 169    return exp.TimeToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 170
 171
 172def _build_eomonth(args: t.List) -> exp.LastDay:
 173    date = exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))
 174    month_lag = seq_get(args, 1)
 175
 176    if month_lag is None:
 177        this: exp.Expression = date
 178    else:
 179        unit = DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL.get("month")
 180        this = exp.DateAdd(this=date, expression=month_lag, unit=unit and exp.var(unit))
 181
 182    return exp.LastDay(this=this)
 183
 184
 185def _build_hashbytes(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 186    kind, data = args
 187    kind = kind.name.upper() if kind.is_string else ""
 188
 189    if kind == "MD5":
 190        args.pop(0)
 191        return exp.MD5(this=data)
 192    if kind in ("SHA", "SHA1"):
 193        args.pop(0)
 194        return exp.SHA(this=data)
 195    if kind == "SHA2_256":
 196        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(256))
 197    if kind == "SHA2_512":
 198        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(512))
 199
 200    return exp.func("HASHBYTES", *args)
 201
 202
 203DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {"DW", "WK", "HOUR", "QUARTER"}
 204
 205
 206def _format_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
 207    fmt = expression.args["format"]
 208
 209    if not isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr):
 210        if fmt.is_string:
 211            mapped_fmt = format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
 212
 213            name = (mapped_fmt or "").upper()
 214            if name in DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS:
 215                return self.func("DATEPART", name, expression.this)
 216
 217            fmt_sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(mapped_fmt))
 218        else:
 219            fmt_sql = self.format_time(expression) or self.sql(fmt)
 220    else:
 221        fmt_sql = self.sql(fmt)
 222
 223    return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt_sql, expression.args.get("culture"))
 224
 225
 226def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
 227    this = expression.this
 228    distinct = expression.find(exp.Distinct)
 229    if distinct:
 230        # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression
 231        self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.")
 232        this = distinct.pop().expressions[0]
 233
 234    order = ""
 235    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order):
 236        if expression.this.this:
 237            this = expression.this.this.pop()
 238        # Order has a leading space
 239        order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})"
 240
 241    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
 242    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}"
 243
 244
 245def _build_date_delta(
 246    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
 247) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 248    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 249        unit = seq_get(args, 0)
 250        if unit and unit_mapping:
 251            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name))
 252
 253        start_date = seq_get(args, 1)
 254        if start_date and start_date.is_number:
 255            # Numeric types are valid DATETIME values
 256            if start_date.is_int:
 257                adds = DEFAULT_START_DATE + datetime.timedelta(days=start_date.to_py())
 258                start_date = exp.Literal.string(adds.strftime("%F"))
 259            else:
 260                # We currently don't handle float values, i.e. they're not converted to equivalent DATETIMEs.
 261                # This is not a problem when generating T-SQL code, it is when transpiling to other dialects.
 262                return exp_class(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=start_date, unit=unit)
 263
 264        return exp_class(
 265            this=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=seq_get(args, 2)),
 266            expression=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=start_date),
 267            unit=unit,
 268        )
 269
 270    return _builder
 271
 272
 273def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
 274    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
 275    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 276
 277    if (
 278        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
 279        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
 280        and not alias.columns
 281    ):
 282        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
 283
 284        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
 285        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
 286        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
 287        query = expression.this
 288        unaliased_column_indexes = (
 289            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
 290        )
 291
 292        qualify_outputs(query)
 293
 294        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
 295        query_selects = query.selects
 296        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
 297            alias = query_selects[select_index]
 298            column = alias.this
 299            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
 300                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
 301
 302    return expression
 303
 304
 305# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/datetimefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 306def _build_datetimefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampFromParts:
 307    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
 308        year=seq_get(args, 0),
 309        month=seq_get(args, 1),
 310        day=seq_get(args, 2),
 311        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
 312        min=seq_get(args, 4),
 313        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
 314        milli=seq_get(args, 6),
 315    )
 316
 317
 318# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/timefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 319def _build_timefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeFromParts:
 320    return exp.TimeFromParts(
 321        hour=seq_get(args, 0),
 322        min=seq_get(args, 1),
 323        sec=seq_get(args, 2),
 324        fractions=seq_get(args, 3),
 325        precision=seq_get(args, 4),
 326    )
 327
 328
 329def _build_with_arg_as_text(
 330    klass: t.Type[exp.Expression],
 331) -> t.Callable[[t.List[exp.Expression]], exp.Expression]:
 332    def _parse(args: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
 333        this = seq_get(args, 0)
 334
 335        if this and not this.is_string:
 336            this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
 337
 338        expression = seq_get(args, 1)
 339        kwargs = {"this": this}
 340
 341        if expression:
 342            kwargs["expression"] = expression
 343
 344        return klass(**kwargs)
 345
 346    return _parse
 347
 348
 349# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/parsename-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
 350def _build_parsename(args: t.List) -> exp.SplitPart | exp.Anonymous:
 351    # PARSENAME(...) will be stored into exp.SplitPart if:
 352    # - All args are literals
 353    # - The part index (2nd arg) is <= 4 (max valid value, otherwise TSQL returns NULL)
 354    if len(args) == 2 and all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in args):
 355        this = args[0]
 356        part_index = args[1]
 357        split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
 358        if split_count <= 4:
 359            return exp.SplitPart(
 360                this=this,
 361                delimiter=exp.Literal.string("."),
 362                part_index=exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py()),
 363            )
 364
 365    return exp.Anonymous(this="PARSENAME", expressions=args)
 366
 367
 368def _build_json_query(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> exp.JSONExtract:
 369    if len(args) == 1:
 370        # The default value for path is '$'. As a result, if you don't provide a
 371        # value for path, JSON_QUERY returns the input expression.
 372        args.append(exp.Literal.string("$"))
 373
 374    return parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract)(args, dialect)
 375
 376
 377def _json_extract_sql(
 378    self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONExtractScalar
 379) -> str:
 380    json_query = self.func("JSON_QUERY", expression.this, expression.expression)
 381    json_value = self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression)
 382    return self.func("ISNULL", json_query, json_value)
 383
 384
 385def _timestrtotime_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime):
 386    sql = timestrtotime_sql(self, expression)
 387    if expression.args.get("zone"):
 388        # If there is a timezone, produce an expression like:
 389        # CAST('2020-01-01 12:13:14-08:00' AS DATETIMEOFFSET) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'
 390        # If you dont have AT TIME ZONE 'UTC', wrapping that expression in another cast back to DATETIME2 just drops the timezone information
 391        return self.sql(exp.AtTimeZone(this=sql, zone=exp.Literal.string("UTC")))
 392    return sql
 393
 394
 395def _build_datetrunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
 396    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
 397    this = seq_get(args, 1)
 398
 399    if this and this.is_string:
 400        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2)
 401
 402    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)
 403
 404
 405class TSQL(Dialect):
 406    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
 407    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
 408    TYPED_DIVISION = True
 409    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
 410    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 411    ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
 412
 413    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
 414
 415    TIME_MAPPING = {
 416        "year": "%Y",
 417        "dayofyear": "%j",
 418        "day": "%d",
 419        "dy": "%d",
 420        "y": "%Y",
 421        "week": "%W",
 422        "ww": "%W",
 423        "wk": "%W",
 424        "hour": "%h",
 425        "hh": "%I",
 426        "minute": "%M",
 427        "mi": "%M",
 428        "n": "%M",
 429        "second": "%S",
 430        "ss": "%S",
 431        "s": "%-S",
 432        "millisecond": "%f",
 433        "ms": "%f",
 434        "weekday": "%w",
 435        "dw": "%w",
 436        "month": "%m",
 437        "mm": "%M",
 438        "m": "%-M",
 439        "Y": "%Y",
 440        "YYYY": "%Y",
 441        "YY": "%y",
 442        "MMMM": "%B",
 443        "MMM": "%b",
 444        "MM": "%m",
 445        "M": "%-m",
 446        "dddd": "%A",
 447        "dd": "%d",
 448        "d": "%-d",
 449        "HH": "%H",
 450        "H": "%-H",
 451        "h": "%-I",
 452        "ffffff": "%f",
 453        "yyyy": "%Y",
 454        "yy": "%y",
 455    }
 456
 457    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
 458        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 459        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
 460        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
 461        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
 462        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
 463        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
 464        "6": "%d %b %y",
 465        "7": "%b %d, %y",
 466        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
 467        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 468        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
 469        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
 470        "12": "yymmdd",
 471        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
 472        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 473        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 474        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 475        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 476        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
 477        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
 478        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 479        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 480        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
 481        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
 482        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
 483        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
 484        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
 485        "106": "%d %b %Y",
 486        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
 487        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
 488        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 489        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
 490        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
 491        "112": "%Y%m%d",
 492        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
 493        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 494        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 495        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 496        "126": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f",
 497    }
 498
 499    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
 500        "y": "%B %Y",
 501        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
 502        "H": "%-H",
 503        "h": "%-I",
 504        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 505        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
 506        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
 507        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 508        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
 509        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 510        "M": "%B %-d",
 511        "m": "%B %-d",
 512        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
 513        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
 514        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
 515        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
 516        "t": "%-I:%M",
 517        "Y": "%a %Y",
 518    }
 519
 520    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
 521        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
 522        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
 523        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
 524        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
 525
 526        KEYWORDS = {
 527            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
 528            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 529            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME2,
 530            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 531            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
 532            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
 533            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
 534            "GO": TokenType.COMMAND,
 535            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
 536            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
 537            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 538            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
 539            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
 540            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
 541            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
 542            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
 543            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
 544            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 545            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.SMALLDATETIME,
 546            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
 547            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
 548            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
 549            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
 550            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 551            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
 552            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UUID,
 553            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
 554            "XML": TokenType.XML,
 555        }
 556        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
 557
 558        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}
 559
 560    class Parser(parser.Parser):
 561        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
 562        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
 563        STRING_ALIASES = True
 564        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
 565
 566        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
 567            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
 568            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
 569            TokenType.FOR: lambda self: ("for", self._parse_for()),
 570        }
 571
 572        # T-SQL does not allow BEGIN to be used as an identifier
 573        ID_VAR_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 574        ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 575        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 576        COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 577        UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 578
 579        FUNCTIONS = {
 580            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 581            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
 582                this=seq_get(args, 1),
 583                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
 584                position=seq_get(args, 2),
 585            ),
 586            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
 587                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
 588            ),
 589            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
 590                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
 591            ),
 592            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 593            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 594            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
 595            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
 596            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
 597            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
 598            "FORMAT": _build_format,
 599            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 600            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
 601            "ISNULL": lambda args: build_coalesce(args=args, is_null=True),
 602            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
 603            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
 604            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
 605            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
 606            "NEWID": exp.Uuid.from_arg_list,
 607            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
 608            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
 609            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
 610            "SCHEMA_NAME": exp.CurrentSchema.from_arg_list,
 611            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
 612            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 613            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 614            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 615            "SYSDATETIMEOFFSET": exp.CurrentTimestampLTZ.from_arg_list,
 616            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 617            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
 618            "DATETRUNC": _build_datetrunc,
 619        }
 620
 621        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
 622
 623        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
 624            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
 625        )
 626
 627        COLUMN_DEFINITION_MODES = {"OUT", "OUTPUT", "READONLY"}
 628
 629        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
 630            TokenType.TABLE,
 631            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
 632        }
 633
 634        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
 635            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
 636            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
 637        }
 638
 639        RANGE_PARSERS = {
 640            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
 641            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
 642                exp.ScopeResolution,
 643                this=this,
 644                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
 645            ),
 646        }
 647
 648        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 649            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 650            "NEXT": lambda self: self._parse_next_value_for(),
 651        }
 652
 653        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
 654        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
 655            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
 656            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
 657            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
 658            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
 659        }
 660
 661        def _parse_alter_table_set(self) -> exp.AlterSet:
 662            return self._parse_wrapped(super()._parse_alter_table_set)
 663
 664        def _parse_wrapped_select(self, table: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 665            if self._match(TokenType.MERGE):
 666                comments = self._prev_comments
 667                merge = self._parse_merge()
 668                merge.add_comments(comments, prepend=True)
 669                return merge
 670
 671            return super()._parse_wrapped_select(table=table)
 672
 673        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 674            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
 675            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
 676            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
 677                return self._parse_types()
 678
 679            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
 680
 681        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
 682            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
 683                return None
 684
 685            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 686                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
 687                if not option:
 688                    return None
 689
 690                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 691                return self.expression(
 692                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
 693                )
 694
 695            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
 696
 697        def _parse_xml_key_value_option(self) -> exp.XMLKeyValueOption:
 698            this = self._parse_primary_or_var()
 699            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
 700                expression = self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_string)
 701            else:
 702                expression = None
 703
 704            return exp.XMLKeyValueOption(this=this, expression=expression)
 705
 706        def _parse_for(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
 707            if not self._match_pair(TokenType.FOR, TokenType.XML):
 708                return None
 709
 710            def _parse_for_xml() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 711                return self.expression(
 712                    exp.QueryOption,
 713                    this=self._parse_var_from_options(XML_OPTIONS, raise_unmatched=False)
 714                    or self._parse_xml_key_value_option(),
 715                )
 716
 717            return self._parse_csv(_parse_for_xml)
 718
 719        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
 720            """
 721            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
 722            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
 723
 724            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 725            """
 726            return [
 727                (
 728                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
 729                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
 730                    else projection
 731                )
 732                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
 733            ]
 734
 735        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
 736            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 737            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 738                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
 739                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
 740
 741            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 742                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
 743                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
 744            """
 745            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
 746
 747            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
 748            this = self._parse_id_var()
 749
 750            if rollback:
 751                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
 752
 753            durability = None
 754            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
 755                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
 756                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 757
 758                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
 759                    durability = False
 760                else:
 761                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
 762                    durability = True
 763
 764                self._match_r_paren()
 765
 766            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
 767
 768        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
 769            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 770            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 771            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
 772            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
 773            ]
 774            """
 775            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
 776                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
 777                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
 778                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
 779
 780                return transaction
 781
 782            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 783
 784        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
 785            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
 786            returns = super()._parse_returns()
 787            returns.set("table", table)
 788            return returns
 789
 790        def _parse_convert(
 791            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
 792        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 793            this = self._parse_types()
 794            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 795            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
 796            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
 797            convert.set("safe", safe)
 798            convert.set("strict", strict)
 799            return convert
 800
 801        def _parse_column_def(
 802            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], computed_column: bool = True
 803        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 804            this = super()._parse_column_def(this=this, computed_column=computed_column)
 805            if not this:
 806                return None
 807            if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
 808                this.set("default", self._parse_disjunction())
 809            if self._match_texts(self.COLUMN_DEFINITION_MODES):
 810                this.set("output", self._prev.text)
 811            return this
 812
 813        def _parse_user_defined_function(
 814            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
 815        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 816            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
 817
 818            if (
 819                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
 820                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
 821                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
 822            ):
 823                return this
 824
 825            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
 826                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
 827            else:
 828                expressions = None
 829
 830            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
 831
 832        def _parse_into(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Into]:
 833            into = super()._parse_into()
 834
 835            table = isinstance(into, exp.Into) and into.find(exp.Table)
 836            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
 837                table_identifier = table.this
 838                if table_identifier.args.get("temporary"):
 839                    # Promote the temporary property from the Identifier to the Into expression
 840                    t.cast(exp.Into, into).set("temporary", True)
 841
 842            return into
 843
 844        def _parse_id_var(
 845            self,
 846            any_token: bool = True,
 847            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 848        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 849            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 850            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 851
 852            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 853            if this:
 854                if is_global:
 855                    this.set("global", True)
 856                elif is_temporary:
 857                    this.set("temporary", True)
 858
 859            return this
 860
 861        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
 862            create = super()._parse_create()
 863
 864            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
 865                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
 866                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
 867                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
 868                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
 869
 870                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
 871
 872            return create
 873
 874        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 875            index = self._index
 876
 877            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
 878                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
 879                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
 880                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
 881                self._retreat(index)
 882
 883            return super()._parse_if()
 884
 885        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
 886            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
 887                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
 888            else:
 889                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
 890
 891            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
 892
 893        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
 894            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
 895                return None
 896
 897            def parse_range():
 898                low = self._parse_bitwise()
 899                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
 900
 901                return (
 902                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
 903                )
 904
 905            partition = self.expression(
 906                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
 907            )
 908
 909            self._match_r_paren()
 910
 911            return partition
 912
 913        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
 914            var = self._parse_id_var()
 915            if not var:
 916                return None
 917
 918            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
 919            return self.expression(
 920                exp.DeclareItem,
 921                this=var,
 922                kind=self._parse_schema() if self._match(TokenType.TABLE) else self._parse_types(),
 923                default=self._match(TokenType.EQ) and self._parse_bitwise(),
 924            )
 925
 926        def _parse_alter_table_alter(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 927            expression = super()._parse_alter_table_alter()
 928
 929            if expression is not None:
 930                collation = expression.args.get("collate")
 931                if isinstance(collation, exp.Column) and isinstance(collation.this, exp.Identifier):
 932                    identifier = collation.this
 933                    collation.set("this", exp.Var(this=identifier.name))
 934
 935            return expression
 936
 937    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 938        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
 939        QUERY_HINTS = False
 940        RETURNING_END = False
 941        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
 942        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
 943        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
 944        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
 945        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
 946        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
 947        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
 948        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
 949        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
 950        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
 951        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
 952        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
 953        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
 954        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
 955        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
 956        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
 957        ALTER_SET_WRAPPED = True
 958        ALTER_SET_TYPE = ""
 959
 960        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
 961            exp.Create,
 962            exp.Delete,
 963            exp.Insert,
 964            exp.Intersect,
 965            exp.Except,
 966            exp.Merge,
 967            exp.Select,
 968            exp.Subquery,
 969            exp.Union,
 970            exp.Update,
 971        }
 972
 973        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 974            exp.JSONPathKey,
 975            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 976            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 977        }
 978
 979        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 980            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 981            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
 982            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2: "DATETIME2",
 983            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
 984            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
 985            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
 986            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
 987            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
 988            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
 989            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "DATETIME2",
 990            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
 991            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLDATETIME: "SMALLDATETIME",
 992            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
 993            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
 994            exp.DataType.Type.UUID: "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER",
 995        }
 996
 997        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
 998        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
 999
1000        TRANSFORMS = {
1001            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
1002            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
1003            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
1004            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
1005            exp.Chr: rename_func("CHAR"),
1006            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
1007            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
1008            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
1009            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
1010            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
1011            exp.CurrentTimestampLTZ: rename_func("SYSDATETIMEOFFSET"),
1012            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
1013            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
1014            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
1015            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
1016            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
1017            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
1018            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
1019            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
1020            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
1021            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
1022            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
1023            exp.Min: min_or_least,
1024            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
1025            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
1026            exp.CurrentSchema: rename_func("SCHEMA_NAME"),
1027            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
1028                [
1029                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
1030                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
1031                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
1032                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
1033                ]
1034            ),
1035            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
1036            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(
1037                self, e, func_name="CHARINDEX", supports_position=True
1038            ),
1039            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
1040            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
1041            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
1042                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
1043            ),
1044            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
1045            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
1046            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
1047            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
1048            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
1049            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
1050            exp.TimestampTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATETRUNC", e.unit, e.this),
1051            exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "NEWID()",
1052            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATEFROMPARTS"),
1053        }
1054
1055        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
1056
1057        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
1058            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
1059            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
1060        }
1061
1062        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
1063            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
1064
1065        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
1066            limit = expression.args.get("limit")
1067            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
1068
1069            if isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch) and not offset:
1070                # Dialects like Oracle can FETCH directly from a row set but
1071                # T-SQL requires an ORDER BY + OFFSET clause in order to FETCH
1072                offset = exp.Offset(expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
1073                expression.set("offset", offset)
1074
1075            if offset:
1076                if not expression.args.get("order"):
1077                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
1078                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
1079                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
1080                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
1081
1082                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
1083                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
1084                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
1085                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
1086
1087            return super().select_sql(expression)
1088
1089        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
1090            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
1091            return self.func(
1092                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
1093            )
1094
1095        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
1096            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
1097            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1098            if value:
1099                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
1100                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
1101            return option
1102
1103        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
1104            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
1105            if cross_apply is True:
1106                return "CROSS APPLY"
1107            if cross_apply is False:
1108                return "OUTER APPLY"
1109
1110            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
1111            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
1112            return "LATERAL"
1113
1114        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
1115            this = expression.this
1116            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
1117            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
1118            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
1119
1120            if (
1121                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
1122                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
1123                or not part_index
1124                or split_count > 4
1125            ):
1126                self.unsupported(
1127                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
1128                )
1129                return ""
1130
1131            return self.func(
1132                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
1133            )
1134
1135        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
1136            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1137            if nano is not None:
1138                nano.pop()
1139                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
1140
1141            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
1142                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
1143            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
1144                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
1145
1146            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1147
1148        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
1149            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
1150            if zone is not None:
1151                zone.pop()
1152                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1153
1154            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1155            if nano is not None:
1156                nano.pop()
1157                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1158
1159            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
1160                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
1161
1162            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1163
1164        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
1165            this = expression.this
1166            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
1167                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
1168                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
1169
1170            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
1171
1172        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
1173            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
1174                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
1175            ):
1176                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
1177
1178            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
1179
1180        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
1181            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
1182                return self.binary(expression, "=")
1183            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
1184
1185        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
1186            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
1187            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
1188
1189            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
1190                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
1191                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
1192            ):
1193                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
1194
1195            return sql
1196
1197        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
1198            kind = expression.kind
1199            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
1200
1201            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
1202            if like_property:
1203                ctas_expression = like_property.this
1204            else:
1205                ctas_expression = expression.expression
1206
1207            if kind == "VIEW":
1208                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1209                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
1210                if ctas_expression and with_:
1211                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
1212                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
1213                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
1214                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
1215
1216            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
1217
1218            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
1219            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
1220                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
1221                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
1222
1223                properties = expression.args.get("properties") or exp.Properties()
1224                is_temp = any(isinstance(p, exp.TemporaryProperty) for p in properties.expressions)
1225
1226                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
1227                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table, temporary=is_temp))
1228
1229                if like_property:
1230                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
1231
1232                sql = self.sql(select_into)
1233            else:
1234                sql = super().create_sql(expression)
1235
1236            if exists:
1237                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
1238                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1239                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
1240                if kind == "SCHEMA":
1241                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1242                elif kind == "TABLE":
1243                    assert table
1244                    where = exp.and_(
1245                        exp.column("TABLE_NAME").eq(table.name),
1246                        exp.column("TABLE_SCHEMA").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
1247                        exp.column("TABLE_CATALOG").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
1248                    )
1249                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1250                elif kind == "INDEX":
1251                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
1252                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1253            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
1254                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
1255
1256            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1257
1258        @generator.unsupported_args("unlogged", "expressions")
1259        def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str:
1260            if expression.args.get("temporary"):
1261                # If the Into expression has a temporary property, push this down to the Identifier
1262                table = expression.find(exp.Table)
1263                if table and isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier):
1264                    table.this.set("temporary", True)
1265
1266            return f"{self.seg('INTO')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1267
1268        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
1269            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
1270            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
1271
1272        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
1273            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
1274
1275        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
1276            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
1277            this = f"FOR {name}"
1278            expr = expression.expression
1279            kind = expression.text("kind")
1280            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
1281                args = expr.expressions
1282                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
1283                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
1284            else:
1285                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
1286
1287            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
1288            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
1289
1290        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1291            table = expression.args.get("table")
1292            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
1293            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1294
1295        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
1296            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
1297            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
1298            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
1299
1300        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
1301            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1302            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1303            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
1304            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
1305            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
1306
1307        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
1308            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1309            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1310            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
1311            durability = (
1312                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
1313                if durability is not None
1314                else ""
1315            )
1316            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
1317
1318        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
1319            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1320            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1321            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
1322
1323        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
1324            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
1325
1326            if expression.args.get("global"):
1327                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
1328            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
1329                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
1330
1331            return identifier
1332
1333        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
1334            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1335            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
1336            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
1337
1338        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
1339            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
1340
1341        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
1342            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
1343
1344        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
1345            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
1346
1347        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
1348            this = expression.this
1349            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
1350                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
1351            else:
1352                this_sql = self.sql(this)
1353            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1354            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
1355
1356        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
1357            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
1358
1359        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
1360            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
1361            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
1362                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
1363            return super().alter_sql(expression)
1364
1365        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
1366            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
1367                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1368            return super().drop_sql(expression)
1369
1370        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
1371            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
1372            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
1373
1374        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
1375            return self.sql(
1376                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
1377            )
1378
1379        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
1380            return f"(PATINDEX(CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), 0x255b5e002d7f5d25) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, {self.sql(expression.this)}) = 0)"
1381
1382        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
1383            this = super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
1384            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
1385            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
1386            output = self.sql(expression, "output")
1387            output = f" {output}" if output else ""
1388            return f"{this}{default}{output}"
1389
1390        def coalesce_sql(self, expression: exp.Coalesce) -> str:
1391            func_name = "ISNULL" if expression.args.get("is_null") else "COALESCE"
1392            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)