sqlglot.dialects.tsql

   1from __future__ import annotations
   2
   3import datetime
   4import re
   5import typing as t
   6from functools import partial
   7
   8from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
   9from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  10    Dialect,
  11    NormalizationStrategy,
  12    any_value_to_max_sql,
  13    date_delta_sql,
  14    datestrtodate_sql,
  15    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
  16    max_or_greatest,
  17    min_or_least,
  18    build_date_delta,
  19    rename_func,
  20    trim_sql,
  21)
  22from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
  23from sqlglot.time import format_time
  24from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
  25
  26if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
  27    from sqlglot._typing import E
  28
  29FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
  30    "weekday": "%A",
  31    "dw": "%A",
  32    "w": "%A",
  33    "month": "%B",
  34    "mm": "%B",
  35    "m": "%B",
  36}
  37
  38DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {
  39    "year": "year",
  40    "yyyy": "year",
  41    "yy": "year",
  42    "quarter": "quarter",
  43    "qq": "quarter",
  44    "q": "quarter",
  45    "month": "month",
  46    "mm": "month",
  47    "m": "month",
  48    "week": "week",
  49    "ww": "week",
  50    "wk": "week",
  51    "day": "day",
  52    "dd": "day",
  53    "d": "day",
  54}
  55
  56
  57DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile("([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})")
  58
  59# N = Numeric, C=Currency
  60TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {"N", "C"}
  61
  62DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
  63
  64BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias}
  65
  66# Unsupported options:
  67# - OPTIMIZE FOR ( @variable_name { UNKNOWN | = <literal_constant> } [ , ...n ] )
  68# - TABLE HINT
  69OPTIONS: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = {
  70    **dict.fromkeys(
  71        (
  72            "DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING",
  73            "FAST",
  74            "IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX",
  75            "LABEL",
  76            "MAXDOP",
  77            "MAXRECURSION",
  78            "MAX_GRANT_PERCENT",
  79            "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT",
  80            "NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL",
  81            "QUERYTRACEON",
  82            "RECOMPILE",
  83        ),
  84        tuple(),
  85    ),
  86    "CONCAT": ("UNION",),
  87    "DISABLE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
  88    "EXPAND": ("VIEWS",),
  89    "FORCE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "ORDER", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
  90    "HASH": ("GROUP", "JOIN", "UNION"),
  91    "KEEP": ("PLAN",),
  92    "KEEPFIXED": ("PLAN",),
  93    "LOOP": ("JOIN",),
  94    "MERGE": ("JOIN", "UNION"),
  95    "OPTIMIZE": (("FOR", "UNKNOWN"),),
  96    "ORDER": ("GROUP",),
  97    "PARAMETERIZATION": ("FORCED", "SIMPLE"),
  98    "ROBUST": ("PLAN",),
  99    "USE": ("PLAN",),
 100}
 101
 102OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ("MAX_GRANT_PERCENT", "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT", "LABEL")
 103
 104
 105def _build_formatted_time(
 106    exp_class: t.Type[E], full_format_mapping: t.Optional[bool] = None
 107) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 108    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 109        assert len(args) == 2
 110
 111        return exp_class(
 112            this=exp.cast(args[1], exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME),
 113            format=exp.Literal.string(
 114                format_time(
 115                    args[0].name.lower(),
 116                    (
 117                        {**TSQL.TIME_MAPPING, **FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING}
 118                        if full_format_mapping
 119                        else TSQL.TIME_MAPPING
 120                    ),
 121                )
 122            ),
 123        )
 124
 125    return _builder
 126
 127
 128def _build_format(args: t.List) -> exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr:
 129    this = seq_get(args, 0)
 130    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
 131    culture = seq_get(args, 2)
 132
 133    number_fmt = fmt and (fmt.name in TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT or not DATE_FMT_RE.search(fmt.name))
 134
 135    if number_fmt:
 136        return exp.NumberToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 137
 138    if fmt:
 139        fmt = exp.Literal.string(
 140            format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING)
 141            if len(fmt.name) == 1
 142            else format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.TIME_MAPPING)
 143        )
 144
 145    return exp.TimeToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 146
 147
 148def _build_eomonth(args: t.List) -> exp.LastDay:
 149    date = exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))
 150    month_lag = seq_get(args, 1)
 151
 152    if month_lag is None:
 153        this: exp.Expression = date
 154    else:
 155        unit = DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL.get("month")
 156        this = exp.DateAdd(this=date, expression=month_lag, unit=unit and exp.var(unit))
 157
 158    return exp.LastDay(this=this)
 159
 160
 161def _build_hashbytes(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 162    kind, data = args
 163    kind = kind.name.upper() if kind.is_string else ""
 164
 165    if kind == "MD5":
 166        args.pop(0)
 167        return exp.MD5(this=data)
 168    if kind in ("SHA", "SHA1"):
 169        args.pop(0)
 170        return exp.SHA(this=data)
 171    if kind == "SHA2_256":
 172        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(256))
 173    if kind == "SHA2_512":
 174        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(512))
 175
 176    return exp.func("HASHBYTES", *args)
 177
 178
 179DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {"DW", "HOUR", "QUARTER"}
 180
 181
 182def _format_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
 183    fmt = expression.args["format"]
 184
 185    if not isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr):
 186        if fmt.is_string:
 187            mapped_fmt = format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
 188
 189            name = (mapped_fmt or "").upper()
 190            if name in DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS:
 191                return self.func("DATEPART", name, expression.this)
 192
 193            fmt_sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(mapped_fmt))
 194        else:
 195            fmt_sql = self.format_time(expression) or self.sql(fmt)
 196    else:
 197        fmt_sql = self.sql(fmt)
 198
 199    return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt_sql, expression.args.get("culture"))
 200
 201
 202def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
 203    this = expression.this
 204    distinct = expression.find(exp.Distinct)
 205    if distinct:
 206        # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression
 207        self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.")
 208        this = distinct.pop().expressions[0]
 209
 210    order = ""
 211    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order):
 212        if expression.this.this:
 213            this = expression.this.this.pop()
 214        # Order has a leading space
 215        order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})"
 216
 217    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
 218    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}"
 219
 220
 221def _build_date_delta(
 222    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
 223) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 224    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 225        unit = seq_get(args, 0)
 226        if unit and unit_mapping:
 227            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name))
 228
 229        start_date = seq_get(args, 1)
 230        if start_date and start_date.is_number:
 231            # Numeric types are valid DATETIME values
 232            if start_date.is_int:
 233                adds = DEFAULT_START_DATE + datetime.timedelta(days=int(start_date.this))
 234                start_date = exp.Literal.string(adds.strftime("%F"))
 235            else:
 236                # We currently don't handle float values, i.e. they're not converted to equivalent DATETIMEs.
 237                # This is not a problem when generating T-SQL code, it is when transpiling to other dialects.
 238                return exp_class(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=start_date, unit=unit)
 239
 240        return exp_class(
 241            this=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=seq_get(args, 2)),
 242            expression=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=start_date),
 243            unit=unit,
 244        )
 245
 246    return _builder
 247
 248
 249def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
 250    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
 251    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 252
 253    if (
 254        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
 255        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
 256        and not alias.columns
 257    ):
 258        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
 259
 260        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
 261        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
 262        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
 263        query = expression.this
 264        unaliased_column_indexes = (
 265            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
 266        )
 267
 268        qualify_outputs(query)
 269
 270        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
 271        query_selects = query.selects
 272        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
 273            alias = query_selects[select_index]
 274            column = alias.this
 275            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
 276                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
 277
 278    return expression
 279
 280
 281# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/datetimefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 282def _build_datetimefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampFromParts:
 283    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
 284        year=seq_get(args, 0),
 285        month=seq_get(args, 1),
 286        day=seq_get(args, 2),
 287        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
 288        min=seq_get(args, 4),
 289        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
 290        milli=seq_get(args, 6),
 291    )
 292
 293
 294# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/timefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 295def _build_timefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeFromParts:
 296    return exp.TimeFromParts(
 297        hour=seq_get(args, 0),
 298        min=seq_get(args, 1),
 299        sec=seq_get(args, 2),
 300        fractions=seq_get(args, 3),
 301        precision=seq_get(args, 4),
 302    )
 303
 304
 305def _build_with_arg_as_text(
 306    klass: t.Type[exp.Expression],
 307) -> t.Callable[[t.List[exp.Expression]], exp.Expression]:
 308    def _parse(args: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
 309        this = seq_get(args, 0)
 310
 311        if this and not this.is_string:
 312            this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
 313
 314        expression = seq_get(args, 1)
 315        kwargs = {"this": this}
 316
 317        if expression:
 318            kwargs["expression"] = expression
 319
 320        return klass(**kwargs)
 321
 322    return _parse
 323
 324
 325def _json_extract_sql(
 326    self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONExtractScalar
 327) -> str:
 328    json_query = self.func("JSON_QUERY", expression.this, expression.expression)
 329    json_value = self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression)
 330    return self.func("ISNULL", json_query, json_value)
 331
 332
 333class TSQL(Dialect):
 334    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 335    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
 336    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
 337    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
 338    TYPED_DIVISION = True
 339    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
 340
 341    TIME_MAPPING = {
 342        "year": "%Y",
 343        "dayofyear": "%j",
 344        "day": "%d",
 345        "dy": "%d",
 346        "y": "%Y",
 347        "week": "%W",
 348        "ww": "%W",
 349        "wk": "%W",
 350        "hour": "%h",
 351        "hh": "%I",
 352        "minute": "%M",
 353        "mi": "%M",
 354        "n": "%M",
 355        "second": "%S",
 356        "ss": "%S",
 357        "s": "%-S",
 358        "millisecond": "%f",
 359        "ms": "%f",
 360        "weekday": "%W",
 361        "dw": "%W",
 362        "month": "%m",
 363        "mm": "%M",
 364        "m": "%-M",
 365        "Y": "%Y",
 366        "YYYY": "%Y",
 367        "YY": "%y",
 368        "MMMM": "%B",
 369        "MMM": "%b",
 370        "MM": "%m",
 371        "M": "%-m",
 372        "dddd": "%A",
 373        "dd": "%d",
 374        "d": "%-d",
 375        "HH": "%H",
 376        "H": "%-H",
 377        "h": "%-I",
 378        "S": "%f",
 379        "yyyy": "%Y",
 380        "yy": "%y",
 381    }
 382
 383    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
 384        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 385        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
 386        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
 387        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
 388        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
 389        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
 390        "6": "%d %b %y",
 391        "7": "%b %d, %y",
 392        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
 393        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 394        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
 395        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
 396        "12": "yymmdd",
 397        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
 398        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 399        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 400        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 401        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 402        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
 403        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
 404        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 405        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 406        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
 407        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
 408        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
 409        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
 410        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
 411        "106": "%d %b %Y",
 412        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
 413        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
 414        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 415        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
 416        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
 417        "112": "%Y%m%d",
 418        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
 419        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 420        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 421        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 422    }
 423
 424    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
 425        "y": "%B %Y",
 426        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
 427        "H": "%-H",
 428        "h": "%-I",
 429        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 430        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
 431        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
 432        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 433        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
 434        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 435        "M": "%B %-d",
 436        "m": "%B %-d",
 437        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
 438        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
 439        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
 440        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
 441        "t": "%-I:%M",
 442        "Y": "%a %Y",
 443    }
 444
 445    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
 446        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
 447        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
 448        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
 449        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
 450
 451        KEYWORDS = {
 452            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
 453            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 454            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
 455            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 456            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
 457            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
 458            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
 459            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
 460            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
 461            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 462            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
 463            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
 464            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
 465            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
 466            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
 467            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
 468            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 469            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
 470            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
 471            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
 472            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
 473            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
 474            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 475            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
 476            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
 477            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
 478            "XML": TokenType.XML,
 479        }
 480        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
 481
 482        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}
 483
 484    class Parser(parser.Parser):
 485        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
 486        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
 487        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
 488        STRING_ALIASES = True
 489        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
 490
 491        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
 492            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
 493            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
 494        }
 495
 496        FUNCTIONS = {
 497            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 498            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
 499                this=seq_get(args, 1),
 500                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
 501                position=seq_get(args, 2),
 502            ),
 503            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 504            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 505            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
 506            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
 507            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
 508            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
 509            "FORMAT": _build_format,
 510            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 511            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
 512            "ISNULL": exp.Coalesce.from_arg_list,
 513            "JSON_QUERY": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
 514            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
 515            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
 516            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
 517            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
 518            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
 519            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
 520            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 521            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 522            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 523            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 524            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
 525        }
 526
 527        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
 528
 529        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
 530            TokenType.TABLE,
 531            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
 532        }
 533
 534        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
 535            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
 536            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
 537        }
 538
 539        RANGE_PARSERS = {
 540            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
 541            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
 542                exp.ScopeResolution,
 543                this=this,
 544                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
 545            ),
 546        }
 547
 548        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
 549        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
 550            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
 551            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
 552            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
 553            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
 554        }
 555
 556        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 557            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
 558            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
 559            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
 560                return self._parse_types()
 561
 562            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
 563
 564        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
 565            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
 566                return None
 567
 568            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 569                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
 570                if not option:
 571                    return None
 572
 573                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 574                return self.expression(
 575                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
 576                )
 577
 578            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
 579
 580        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
 581            """
 582            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
 583            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
 584
 585            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 586            """
 587            return [
 588                (
 589                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
 590                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
 591                    else projection
 592                )
 593                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
 594            ]
 595
 596        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
 597            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 598            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 599                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
 600                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
 601
 602            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 603                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
 604                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
 605            """
 606            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
 607
 608            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
 609            this = self._parse_id_var()
 610
 611            if rollback:
 612                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
 613
 614            durability = None
 615            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
 616                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
 617                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 618
 619                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
 620                    durability = False
 621                else:
 622                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
 623                    durability = True
 624
 625                self._match_r_paren()
 626
 627            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
 628
 629        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
 630            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 631            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 632            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
 633            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
 634            ]
 635            """
 636            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
 637                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
 638                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
 639                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
 640
 641                return transaction
 642
 643            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 644
 645        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
 646            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
 647            returns = super()._parse_returns()
 648            returns.set("table", table)
 649            return returns
 650
 651        def _parse_convert(
 652            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
 653        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 654            this = self._parse_types()
 655            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 656            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
 657            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
 658            convert.set("safe", safe)
 659            convert.set("strict", strict)
 660            return convert
 661
 662        def _parse_user_defined_function(
 663            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
 664        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 665            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
 666
 667            if (
 668                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
 669                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
 670                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
 671            ):
 672                return this
 673
 674            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
 675            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
 676
 677        def _parse_id_var(
 678            self,
 679            any_token: bool = True,
 680            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 681        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 682            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 683            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 684
 685            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 686            if this:
 687                if is_global:
 688                    this.set("global", True)
 689                elif is_temporary:
 690                    this.set("temporary", True)
 691
 692            return this
 693
 694        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
 695            create = super()._parse_create()
 696
 697            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
 698                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
 699                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
 700                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
 701                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
 702
 703                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
 704
 705            return create
 706
 707        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 708            index = self._index
 709
 710            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
 711                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
 712                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
 713                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
 714                self._retreat(index)
 715
 716            return super()._parse_if()
 717
 718        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
 719            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
 720                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
 721            else:
 722                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
 723
 724            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
 725
 726        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
 727            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
 728                return None
 729
 730            def parse_range():
 731                low = self._parse_bitwise()
 732                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
 733
 734                return (
 735                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
 736                )
 737
 738            partition = self.expression(
 739                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
 740            )
 741
 742            self._match_r_paren()
 743
 744            return partition
 745
 746        def _parse_declare(self) -> exp.Declare | exp.Command:
 747            index = self._index
 748            expressions = self._try_parse(partial(self._parse_csv, self._parse_declareitem))
 749
 750            if not expressions or self._curr:
 751                self._retreat(index)
 752                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 753
 754            return self.expression(exp.Declare, expressions=expressions)
 755
 756        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
 757            var = self._parse_id_var()
 758            if not var:
 759                return None
 760
 761            value = None
 762            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
 763            if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
 764                data_type = self._parse_schema()
 765            else:
 766                data_type = self._parse_types()
 767                if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
 768                    value = self._parse_bitwise()
 769
 770            return self.expression(exp.DeclareItem, this=var, kind=data_type, default=value)
 771
 772    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 773        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
 774        QUERY_HINTS = False
 775        RETURNING_END = False
 776        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
 777        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
 778        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
 779        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
 780        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
 781        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
 782        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
 783        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
 784        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
 785        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
 786        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
 787        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
 788        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
 789        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
 790        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
 791
 792        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
 793            exp.Delete,
 794            exp.Insert,
 795            exp.Intersect,
 796            exp.Except,
 797            exp.Merge,
 798            exp.Select,
 799            exp.Subquery,
 800            exp.Union,
 801            exp.Update,
 802        }
 803
 804        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 805            exp.JSONPathKey,
 806            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 807            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 808        }
 809
 810        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 811            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 812            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
 813            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
 814            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
 815            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
 816            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
 817            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
 818            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
 819            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
 820            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
 821            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
 822            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
 823        }
 824
 825        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
 826        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
 827
 828        TRANSFORMS = {
 829            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 830            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
 831            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
 832            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
 833            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
 834            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 835            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 836            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 837            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 838            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
 839            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
 840            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 841            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
 842            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
 843            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
 844            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
 845            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
 846            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 847            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
 848            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 849            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
 850            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
 851            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 852                [
 853                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 854                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 855                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
 856                ]
 857            ),
 858            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
 859            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
 860                "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
 861            ),
 862            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 863            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
 864            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
 865                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
 866            ),
 867            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
 868            exp.TimeStrToTime: lambda self, e: self.sql(
 869                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
 870            ),
 871            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
 872            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
 873            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
 874            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 875        }
 876
 877        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
 878
 879        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
 880            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
 881            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 882        }
 883
 884        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
 885            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
 886
 887        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
 888            if expression.args.get("offset"):
 889                if not expression.args.get("order"):
 890                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
 891                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
 892                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
 893                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
 894
 895                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
 896                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
 897                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
 898                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
 899                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
 900
 901            return super().select_sql(expression)
 902
 903        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
 904            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
 905            return self.func(
 906                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
 907            )
 908
 909        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
 910            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
 911            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
 912            if value:
 913                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
 914                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
 915            return option
 916
 917        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
 918            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
 919            if cross_apply is True:
 920                return "CROSS APPLY"
 921            if cross_apply is False:
 922                return "OUTER APPLY"
 923
 924            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
 925            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
 926            return "LATERAL"
 927
 928        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
 929            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
 930            if nano is not None:
 931                nano.pop()
 932                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
 933
 934            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
 935                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
 936            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
 937                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
 938
 939            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
 940
 941        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
 942            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
 943            if zone is not None:
 944                zone.pop()
 945                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
 946
 947            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
 948            if nano is not None:
 949                nano.pop()
 950                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
 951
 952            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
 953                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
 954
 955            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
 956
 957        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
 958            this = expression.this
 959            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
 960                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
 961                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
 962
 963            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
 964
 965        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
 966            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES:
 967                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
 968
 969            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
 970
 971        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
 972            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
 973                return self.binary(expression, "=")
 974            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
 975
 976        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
 977            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
 978            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
 979
 980            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
 981                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
 982                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
 983            ):
 984                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
 985
 986            return sql
 987
 988        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
 989            kind = expression.kind
 990            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
 991
 992            if kind == "VIEW":
 993                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
 994
 995            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
 996
 997            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
 998            if like_property:
 999                ctas_expression = like_property.this
1000            else:
1001                ctas_expression = expression.expression
1002
1003            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
1004
1005            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
1006            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
1007                ctas_with = ctas_expression.args.get("with")
1008                if ctas_with:
1009                    ctas_with = ctas_with.pop()
1010
1011                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
1012                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
1013
1014                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
1015                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
1016                select_into.set("with", ctas_with)
1017
1018                if like_property:
1019                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
1020
1021                sql = self.sql(select_into)
1022
1023            if exists:
1024                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
1025                sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql))
1026                if kind == "SCHEMA":
1027                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})"""
1028                elif kind == "TABLE":
1029                    assert table
1030                    where = exp.and_(
1031                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
1032                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
1033                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
1034                    )
1035                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})"""
1036                elif kind == "INDEX":
1037                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
1038                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})"""
1039            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
1040                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
1041
1042            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1043
1044        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
1045            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
1046
1047        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
1048            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
1049            this = f"FOR {name}"
1050            expr = expression.expression
1051            kind = expression.text("kind")
1052            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
1053                args = expr.expressions
1054                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
1055                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
1056            else:
1057                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
1058
1059            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
1060            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
1061
1062        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1063            table = expression.args.get("table")
1064            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
1065            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1066
1067        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
1068            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
1069            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
1070            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
1071
1072        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
1073            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1074            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1075            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
1076            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
1077            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
1078
1079        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
1080            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1081            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1082            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
1083            durability = (
1084                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
1085                if durability is not None
1086                else ""
1087            )
1088            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
1089
1090        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
1091            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1092            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1093            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
1094
1095        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
1096            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
1097
1098            if expression.args.get("global"):
1099                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
1100            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
1101                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
1102
1103            return identifier
1104
1105        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
1106            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1107            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
1108            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
1109
1110        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
1111            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
1112
1113        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
1114            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
1115
1116        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
1117            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
1118
1119        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
1120            this = expression.this
1121            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
1122                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
1123            else:
1124                this_sql = self.sql(this)
1125            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1126            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
1127
1128        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
1129            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
1130
1131        def altertable_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterTable) -> str:
1132            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
1133            if isinstance(action, exp.RenameTable):
1134                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
1135            return super().altertable_sql(expression)
1136
1137        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
1138            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
1139                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1140            return super().drop_sql(expression)
1141
1142        def declare_sql(self, expression: exp.Declare) -> str:
1143            return f"DECLARE {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}"
1144
1145        def declareitem_sql(self, expression: exp.DeclareItem) -> str:
1146            variable = self.sql(expression, "this")
1147            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
1148            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
1149
1150            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind")
1151            if isinstance(expression.args.get("kind"), exp.Schema):
1152                kind = f"TABLE {kind}"
1153
1154            return f"{variable} AS {kind}{default}"
1155
1156        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
1157            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
1158            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""