sqlglot.dialects.tsql

   1from __future__ import annotations
   2
   3import datetime
   4import re
   5import typing as t
   6from functools import partial, reduce
   7
   8from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
   9from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  10    Dialect,
  11    NormalizationStrategy,
  12    any_value_to_max_sql,
  13    date_delta_sql,
  14    datestrtodate_sql,
  15    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
  16    max_or_greatest,
  17    min_or_least,
  18    build_date_delta,
  19    rename_func,
  20    strposition_sql,
  21    trim_sql,
  22    timestrtotime_sql,
  23)
  24from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
  25from sqlglot.parser import build_coalesce
  26from sqlglot.time import format_time
  27from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
  28
  29if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
  30    from sqlglot._typing import E
  31
  32FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
  33    "weekday": "%A",
  34    "dw": "%A",
  35    "w": "%A",
  36    "month": "%B",
  37    "mm": "%B",
  38    "m": "%B",
  39}
  40
  41DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {
  42    "year": "year",
  43    "yyyy": "year",
  44    "yy": "year",
  45    "quarter": "quarter",
  46    "qq": "quarter",
  47    "q": "quarter",
  48    "month": "month",
  49    "mm": "month",
  50    "m": "month",
  51    "week": "week",
  52    "ww": "week",
  53    "wk": "week",
  54    "day": "day",
  55    "dd": "day",
  56    "d": "day",
  57}
  58
  59
  60DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile("([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})")
  61
  62# N = Numeric, C=Currency
  63TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {"N", "C"}
  64
  65DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
  66
  67BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias}
  68
  69# Unsupported options:
  70# - OPTIMIZE FOR ( @variable_name { UNKNOWN | = <literal_constant> } [ , ...n ] )
  71# - TABLE HINT
  72OPTIONS: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = {
  73    **dict.fromkeys(
  74        (
  75            "DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING",
  76            "FAST",
  77            "IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX",
  78            "LABEL",
  79            "MAXDOP",
  80            "MAXRECURSION",
  81            "MAX_GRANT_PERCENT",
  82            "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT",
  83            "NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL",
  84            "QUERYTRACEON",
  85            "RECOMPILE",
  86        ),
  87        tuple(),
  88    ),
  89    "CONCAT": ("UNION",),
  90    "DISABLE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
  91    "EXPAND": ("VIEWS",),
  92    "FORCE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "ORDER", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
  93    "HASH": ("GROUP", "JOIN", "UNION"),
  94    "KEEP": ("PLAN",),
  95    "KEEPFIXED": ("PLAN",),
  96    "LOOP": ("JOIN",),
  97    "MERGE": ("JOIN", "UNION"),
  98    "OPTIMIZE": (("FOR", "UNKNOWN"),),
  99    "ORDER": ("GROUP",),
 100    "PARAMETERIZATION": ("FORCED", "SIMPLE"),
 101    "ROBUST": ("PLAN",),
 102    "USE": ("PLAN",),
 103}
 104
 105OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ("MAX_GRANT_PERCENT", "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT", "LABEL")
 106
 107
 108def _build_formatted_time(
 109    exp_class: t.Type[E], full_format_mapping: t.Optional[bool] = None
 110) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 111    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 112        assert len(args) == 2
 113
 114        return exp_class(
 115            this=exp.cast(args[1], exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2),
 116            format=exp.Literal.string(
 117                format_time(
 118                    args[0].name.lower(),
 119                    (
 120                        {**TSQL.TIME_MAPPING, **FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING}
 121                        if full_format_mapping
 122                        else TSQL.TIME_MAPPING
 123                    ),
 124                )
 125            ),
 126        )
 127
 128    return _builder
 129
 130
 131def _build_format(args: t.List) -> exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr:
 132    this = seq_get(args, 0)
 133    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
 134    culture = seq_get(args, 2)
 135
 136    number_fmt = fmt and (fmt.name in TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT or not DATE_FMT_RE.search(fmt.name))
 137
 138    if number_fmt:
 139        return exp.NumberToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 140
 141    if fmt:
 142        fmt = exp.Literal.string(
 143            format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING)
 144            if len(fmt.name) == 1
 145            else format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.TIME_MAPPING)
 146        )
 147
 148    return exp.TimeToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 149
 150
 151def _build_eomonth(args: t.List) -> exp.LastDay:
 152    date = exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))
 153    month_lag = seq_get(args, 1)
 154
 155    if month_lag is None:
 156        this: exp.Expression = date
 157    else:
 158        unit = DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL.get("month")
 159        this = exp.DateAdd(this=date, expression=month_lag, unit=unit and exp.var(unit))
 160
 161    return exp.LastDay(this=this)
 162
 163
 164def _build_hashbytes(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 165    kind, data = args
 166    kind = kind.name.upper() if kind.is_string else ""
 167
 168    if kind == "MD5":
 169        args.pop(0)
 170        return exp.MD5(this=data)
 171    if kind in ("SHA", "SHA1"):
 172        args.pop(0)
 173        return exp.SHA(this=data)
 174    if kind == "SHA2_256":
 175        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(256))
 176    if kind == "SHA2_512":
 177        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(512))
 178
 179    return exp.func("HASHBYTES", *args)
 180
 181
 182DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {"DW", "WK", "HOUR", "QUARTER"}
 183
 184
 185def _format_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
 186    fmt = expression.args["format"]
 187
 188    if not isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr):
 189        if fmt.is_string:
 190            mapped_fmt = format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
 191
 192            name = (mapped_fmt or "").upper()
 193            if name in DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS:
 194                return self.func("DATEPART", name, expression.this)
 195
 196            fmt_sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(mapped_fmt))
 197        else:
 198            fmt_sql = self.format_time(expression) or self.sql(fmt)
 199    else:
 200        fmt_sql = self.sql(fmt)
 201
 202    return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt_sql, expression.args.get("culture"))
 203
 204
 205def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
 206    this = expression.this
 207    distinct = expression.find(exp.Distinct)
 208    if distinct:
 209        # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression
 210        self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.")
 211        this = distinct.pop().expressions[0]
 212
 213    order = ""
 214    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order):
 215        if expression.this.this:
 216            this = expression.this.this.pop()
 217        # Order has a leading space
 218        order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})"
 219
 220    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
 221    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}"
 222
 223
 224def _build_date_delta(
 225    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
 226) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 227    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 228        unit = seq_get(args, 0)
 229        if unit and unit_mapping:
 230            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name))
 231
 232        start_date = seq_get(args, 1)
 233        if start_date and start_date.is_number:
 234            # Numeric types are valid DATETIME values
 235            if start_date.is_int:
 236                adds = DEFAULT_START_DATE + datetime.timedelta(days=start_date.to_py())
 237                start_date = exp.Literal.string(adds.strftime("%F"))
 238            else:
 239                # We currently don't handle float values, i.e. they're not converted to equivalent DATETIMEs.
 240                # This is not a problem when generating T-SQL code, it is when transpiling to other dialects.
 241                return exp_class(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=start_date, unit=unit)
 242
 243        return exp_class(
 244            this=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=seq_get(args, 2)),
 245            expression=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=start_date),
 246            unit=unit,
 247        )
 248
 249    return _builder
 250
 251
 252def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
 253    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
 254    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 255
 256    if (
 257        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
 258        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
 259        and not alias.columns
 260    ):
 261        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
 262
 263        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
 264        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
 265        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
 266        query = expression.this
 267        unaliased_column_indexes = (
 268            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
 269        )
 270
 271        qualify_outputs(query)
 272
 273        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
 274        query_selects = query.selects
 275        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
 276            alias = query_selects[select_index]
 277            column = alias.this
 278            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
 279                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
 280
 281    return expression
 282
 283
 284# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/datetimefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 285def _build_datetimefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampFromParts:
 286    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
 287        year=seq_get(args, 0),
 288        month=seq_get(args, 1),
 289        day=seq_get(args, 2),
 290        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
 291        min=seq_get(args, 4),
 292        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
 293        milli=seq_get(args, 6),
 294    )
 295
 296
 297# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/timefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 298def _build_timefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeFromParts:
 299    return exp.TimeFromParts(
 300        hour=seq_get(args, 0),
 301        min=seq_get(args, 1),
 302        sec=seq_get(args, 2),
 303        fractions=seq_get(args, 3),
 304        precision=seq_get(args, 4),
 305    )
 306
 307
 308def _build_with_arg_as_text(
 309    klass: t.Type[exp.Expression],
 310) -> t.Callable[[t.List[exp.Expression]], exp.Expression]:
 311    def _parse(args: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
 312        this = seq_get(args, 0)
 313
 314        if this and not this.is_string:
 315            this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
 316
 317        expression = seq_get(args, 1)
 318        kwargs = {"this": this}
 319
 320        if expression:
 321            kwargs["expression"] = expression
 322
 323        return klass(**kwargs)
 324
 325    return _parse
 326
 327
 328# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/parsename-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
 329def _build_parsename(args: t.List) -> exp.SplitPart | exp.Anonymous:
 330    # PARSENAME(...) will be stored into exp.SplitPart if:
 331    # - All args are literals
 332    # - The part index (2nd arg) is <= 4 (max valid value, otherwise TSQL returns NULL)
 333    if len(args) == 2 and all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in args):
 334        this = args[0]
 335        part_index = args[1]
 336        split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
 337        if split_count <= 4:
 338            return exp.SplitPart(
 339                this=this,
 340                delimiter=exp.Literal.string("."),
 341                part_index=exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py()),
 342            )
 343
 344    return exp.Anonymous(this="PARSENAME", expressions=args)
 345
 346
 347def _build_json_query(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> exp.JSONExtract:
 348    if len(args) == 1:
 349        # The default value for path is '$'. As a result, if you don't provide a
 350        # value for path, JSON_QUERY returns the input expression.
 351        args.append(exp.Literal.string("$"))
 352
 353    return parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract)(args, dialect)
 354
 355
 356def _json_extract_sql(
 357    self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONExtractScalar
 358) -> str:
 359    json_query = self.func("JSON_QUERY", expression.this, expression.expression)
 360    json_value = self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression)
 361    return self.func("ISNULL", json_query, json_value)
 362
 363
 364def _timestrtotime_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime):
 365    sql = timestrtotime_sql(self, expression)
 366    if expression.args.get("zone"):
 367        # If there is a timezone, produce an expression like:
 368        # CAST('2020-01-01 12:13:14-08:00' AS DATETIMEOFFSET) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'
 369        # If you dont have AT TIME ZONE 'UTC', wrapping that expression in another cast back to DATETIME2 just drops the timezone information
 370        return self.sql(exp.AtTimeZone(this=sql, zone=exp.Literal.string("UTC")))
 371    return sql
 372
 373
 374def _build_datetrunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
 375    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
 376    this = seq_get(args, 1)
 377
 378    if this and this.is_string:
 379        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2)
 380
 381    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)
 382
 383
 384class TSQL(Dialect):
 385    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
 386    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
 387    TYPED_DIVISION = True
 388    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
 389    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 390
 391    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
 392
 393    TIME_MAPPING = {
 394        "year": "%Y",
 395        "dayofyear": "%j",
 396        "day": "%d",
 397        "dy": "%d",
 398        "y": "%Y",
 399        "week": "%W",
 400        "ww": "%W",
 401        "wk": "%W",
 402        "hour": "%h",
 403        "hh": "%I",
 404        "minute": "%M",
 405        "mi": "%M",
 406        "n": "%M",
 407        "second": "%S",
 408        "ss": "%S",
 409        "s": "%-S",
 410        "millisecond": "%f",
 411        "ms": "%f",
 412        "weekday": "%w",
 413        "dw": "%w",
 414        "month": "%m",
 415        "mm": "%M",
 416        "m": "%-M",
 417        "Y": "%Y",
 418        "YYYY": "%Y",
 419        "YY": "%y",
 420        "MMMM": "%B",
 421        "MMM": "%b",
 422        "MM": "%m",
 423        "M": "%-m",
 424        "dddd": "%A",
 425        "dd": "%d",
 426        "d": "%-d",
 427        "HH": "%H",
 428        "H": "%-H",
 429        "h": "%-I",
 430        "ffffff": "%f",
 431        "yyyy": "%Y",
 432        "yy": "%y",
 433    }
 434
 435    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
 436        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 437        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
 438        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
 439        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
 440        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
 441        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
 442        "6": "%d %b %y",
 443        "7": "%b %d, %y",
 444        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
 445        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 446        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
 447        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
 448        "12": "yymmdd",
 449        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
 450        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 451        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 452        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 453        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 454        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
 455        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
 456        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 457        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
 458        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
 459        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
 460        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
 461        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
 462        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
 463        "106": "%d %b %Y",
 464        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
 465        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
 466        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
 467        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
 468        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
 469        "112": "%Y%m%d",
 470        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
 471        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
 472        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 473        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
 474    }
 475
 476    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
 477        "y": "%B %Y",
 478        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
 479        "H": "%-H",
 480        "h": "%-I",
 481        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
 482        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
 483        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
 484        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 485        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
 486        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
 487        "M": "%B %-d",
 488        "m": "%B %-d",
 489        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
 490        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
 491        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
 492        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
 493        "t": "%-I:%M",
 494        "Y": "%a %Y",
 495    }
 496
 497    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
 498        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
 499        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
 500        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
 501        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
 502
 503        KEYWORDS = {
 504            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
 505            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 506            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME2,
 507            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 508            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
 509            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
 510            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
 511            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
 512            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
 513            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
 514            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
 515            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
 516            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
 517            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
 518            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
 519            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
 520            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 521            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.SMALLDATETIME,
 522            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
 523            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
 524            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
 525            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
 526            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
 527            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
 528            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UUID,
 529            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
 530            "XML": TokenType.XML,
 531        }
 532        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
 533
 534        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}
 535
 536    class Parser(parser.Parser):
 537        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
 538        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
 539        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
 540        STRING_ALIASES = True
 541        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
 542
 543        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
 544            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
 545            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
 546        }
 547
 548        # T-SQL does not allow BEGIN to be used as an identifier
 549        ID_VAR_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 550        ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 551        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 552        COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 553        UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.BEGIN}
 554
 555        FUNCTIONS = {
 556            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 557            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
 558                this=seq_get(args, 1),
 559                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
 560                position=seq_get(args, 2),
 561            ),
 562            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
 563                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
 564            ),
 565            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
 566                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
 567            ),
 568            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 569            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
 570            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
 571            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
 572            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
 573            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
 574            "FORMAT": _build_format,
 575            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 576            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
 577            "ISNULL": build_coalesce,
 578            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
 579            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
 580            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
 581            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
 582            "NEWID": exp.Uuid.from_arg_list,
 583            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
 584            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
 585            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
 586            "SCHEMA_NAME": exp.CurrentSchema.from_arg_list,
 587            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
 588            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 589            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 590            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 591            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
 592            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
 593            "DATETRUNC": _build_datetrunc,
 594        }
 595
 596        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
 597
 598        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
 599            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
 600        )
 601
 602        COLUMN_DEFINITION_MODES = {"OUT", "OUTPUT", "READ_ONLY"}
 603
 604        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
 605            TokenType.TABLE,
 606            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
 607        }
 608
 609        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
 610            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
 611            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
 612        }
 613
 614        RANGE_PARSERS = {
 615            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
 616            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
 617                exp.ScopeResolution,
 618                this=this,
 619                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
 620            ),
 621        }
 622
 623        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 624            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 625            "NEXT": lambda self: self._parse_next_value_for(),
 626        }
 627
 628        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
 629        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
 630            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
 631            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
 632            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
 633            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
 634        }
 635
 636        def _parse_wrapped_select(self, table: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 637            if self._match(TokenType.MERGE):
 638                comments = self._prev_comments
 639                merge = self._parse_merge()
 640                merge.add_comments(comments, prepend=True)
 641                return merge
 642
 643            return super()._parse_wrapped_select(table=table)
 644
 645        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 646            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
 647            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
 648            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
 649                return self._parse_types()
 650
 651            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
 652
 653        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
 654            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
 655                return None
 656
 657            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 658                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
 659                if not option:
 660                    return None
 661
 662                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 663                return self.expression(
 664                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
 665                )
 666
 667            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
 668
 669        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
 670            """
 671            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
 672            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
 673
 674            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
 675            """
 676            return [
 677                (
 678                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
 679                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
 680                    else projection
 681                )
 682                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
 683            ]
 684
 685        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
 686            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 687            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 688                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
 689                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
 690
 691            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 692                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
 693                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
 694            """
 695            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
 696
 697            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
 698            this = self._parse_id_var()
 699
 700            if rollback:
 701                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
 702
 703            durability = None
 704            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
 705                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
 706                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 707
 708                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
 709                    durability = False
 710                else:
 711                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
 712                    durability = True
 713
 714                self._match_r_paren()
 715
 716            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
 717
 718        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
 719            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
 720            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
 721            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
 722            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
 723            ]
 724            """
 725            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
 726                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
 727                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
 728                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
 729
 730                return transaction
 731
 732            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 733
 734        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
 735            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
 736            returns = super()._parse_returns()
 737            returns.set("table", table)
 738            return returns
 739
 740        def _parse_convert(
 741            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
 742        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 743            this = self._parse_types()
 744            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 745            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
 746            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
 747            convert.set("safe", safe)
 748            convert.set("strict", strict)
 749            return convert
 750
 751        def _parse_column_def(
 752            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], computed_column: bool = True
 753        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 754            this = super()._parse_column_def(this=this, computed_column=computed_column)
 755            if not this:
 756                return None
 757            if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
 758                this.set("default", self._parse_disjunction())
 759            if self._match_texts(self.COLUMN_DEFINITION_MODES):
 760                this.set("output", self._prev.text)
 761            return this
 762
 763        def _parse_user_defined_function(
 764            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
 765        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 766            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
 767
 768            if (
 769                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
 770                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
 771                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
 772            ):
 773                return this
 774
 775            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
 776                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
 777            else:
 778                expressions = None
 779
 780            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
 781
 782        def _parse_into(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Into]:
 783            into = super()._parse_into()
 784
 785            table = isinstance(into, exp.Into) and into.find(exp.Table)
 786            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
 787                table_identifier = table.this
 788                if table_identifier.args.get("temporary"):
 789                    # Promote the temporary property from the Identifier to the Into expression
 790                    t.cast(exp.Into, into).set("temporary", True)
 791
 792            return into
 793
 794        def _parse_id_var(
 795            self,
 796            any_token: bool = True,
 797            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 798        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 799            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 800            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
 801
 802            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 803            if this:
 804                if is_global:
 805                    this.set("global", True)
 806                elif is_temporary:
 807                    this.set("temporary", True)
 808
 809            return this
 810
 811        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
 812            create = super()._parse_create()
 813
 814            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
 815                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
 816                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
 817                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
 818                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
 819
 820                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
 821
 822            return create
 823
 824        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 825            index = self._index
 826
 827            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
 828                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
 829                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
 830                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
 831                self._retreat(index)
 832
 833            return super()._parse_if()
 834
 835        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
 836            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
 837                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
 838            else:
 839                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
 840
 841            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
 842
 843        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
 844            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
 845                return None
 846
 847            def parse_range():
 848                low = self._parse_bitwise()
 849                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
 850
 851                return (
 852                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
 853                )
 854
 855            partition = self.expression(
 856                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
 857            )
 858
 859            self._match_r_paren()
 860
 861            return partition
 862
 863        def _parse_declare(self) -> exp.Declare | exp.Command:
 864            index = self._index
 865            expressions = self._try_parse(partial(self._parse_csv, self._parse_declareitem))
 866
 867            if not expressions or self._curr:
 868                self._retreat(index)
 869                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
 870
 871            return self.expression(exp.Declare, expressions=expressions)
 872
 873        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
 874            var = self._parse_id_var()
 875            if not var:
 876                return None
 877
 878            value = None
 879            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
 880            if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
 881                data_type = self._parse_schema()
 882            else:
 883                data_type = self._parse_types()
 884                if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
 885                    value = self._parse_bitwise()
 886
 887            return self.expression(exp.DeclareItem, this=var, kind=data_type, default=value)
 888
 889    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 890        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
 891        QUERY_HINTS = False
 892        RETURNING_END = False
 893        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
 894        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
 895        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
 896        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
 897        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
 898        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
 899        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
 900        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
 901        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
 902        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
 903        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
 904        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
 905        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
 906        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
 907        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
 908        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
 909
 910        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
 911            exp.Create,
 912            exp.Delete,
 913            exp.Insert,
 914            exp.Intersect,
 915            exp.Except,
 916            exp.Merge,
 917            exp.Select,
 918            exp.Subquery,
 919            exp.Union,
 920            exp.Update,
 921        }
 922
 923        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 924            exp.JSONPathKey,
 925            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 926            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 927        }
 928
 929        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 930            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 931            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
 932            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2: "DATETIME2",
 933            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
 934            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
 935            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
 936            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
 937            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
 938            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
 939            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "DATETIME2",
 940            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
 941            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLDATETIME: "SMALLDATETIME",
 942            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
 943            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
 944            exp.DataType.Type.UUID: "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER",
 945        }
 946
 947        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
 948        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
 949
 950        TRANSFORMS = {
 951            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 952            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
 953            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
 954            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
 955            exp.Chr: rename_func("CHAR"),
 956            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
 957            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 958            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 959            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 960            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
 961            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
 962            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
 963            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 964            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
 965            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
 966            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
 967            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
 968            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
 969            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
 970            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 971            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
 972            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 973            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
 974            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
 975            exp.CurrentSchema: rename_func("SCHEMA_NAME"),
 976            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 977                [
 978                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 979                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 980                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
 981                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
 982                ]
 983            ),
 984            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
 985            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(
 986                self, e, func_name="CHARINDEX", supports_position=True
 987            ),
 988            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
 989            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
 990            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
 991                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
 992            ),
 993            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
 994            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
 995            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
 996            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
 997            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
 998            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 999            exp.TimestampTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATETRUNC", e.unit, e.this),
1000            exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "NEWID()",
1001            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATEFROMPARTS"),
1002        }
1003
1004        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
1005
1006        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
1007            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
1008            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
1009        }
1010
1011        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
1012            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
1013
1014        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
1015            limit = expression.args.get("limit")
1016            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
1017
1018            if isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch) and not offset:
1019                # Dialects like Oracle can FETCH directly from a row set but
1020                # T-SQL requires an ORDER BY + OFFSET clause in order to FETCH
1021                offset = exp.Offset(expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
1022                expression.set("offset", offset)
1023
1024            if offset:
1025                if not expression.args.get("order"):
1026                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
1027                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
1028                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
1029                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
1030
1031                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
1032                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
1033                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
1034                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
1035
1036            return super().select_sql(expression)
1037
1038        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
1039            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
1040            return self.func(
1041                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
1042            )
1043
1044        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
1045            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
1046            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1047            if value:
1048                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
1049                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
1050            return option
1051
1052        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
1053            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
1054            if cross_apply is True:
1055                return "CROSS APPLY"
1056            if cross_apply is False:
1057                return "OUTER APPLY"
1058
1059            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
1060            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
1061            return "LATERAL"
1062
1063        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
1064            this = expression.this
1065            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
1066            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
1067            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
1068
1069            if (
1070                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
1071                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
1072                or not part_index
1073                or split_count > 4
1074            ):
1075                self.unsupported(
1076                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
1077                )
1078                return ""
1079
1080            return self.func(
1081                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
1082            )
1083
1084        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
1085            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1086            if nano is not None:
1087                nano.pop()
1088                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
1089
1090            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
1091                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
1092            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
1093                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
1094
1095            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1096
1097        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
1098            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
1099            if zone is not None:
1100                zone.pop()
1101                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1102
1103            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
1104            if nano is not None:
1105                nano.pop()
1106                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
1107
1108            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
1109                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
1110
1111            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
1112
1113        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
1114            this = expression.this
1115            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
1116                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
1117                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
1118
1119            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
1120
1121        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
1122            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
1123                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
1124            ):
1125                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
1126
1127            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
1128
1129        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
1130            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
1131                return self.binary(expression, "=")
1132            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
1133
1134        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
1135            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
1136            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
1137
1138            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
1139                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
1140                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
1141            ):
1142                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
1143
1144            return sql
1145
1146        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
1147            kind = expression.kind
1148            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
1149
1150            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
1151            if like_property:
1152                ctas_expression = like_property.this
1153            else:
1154                ctas_expression = expression.expression
1155
1156            if kind == "VIEW":
1157                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1158                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
1159                if ctas_expression and with_:
1160                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
1161                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
1162                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
1163                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
1164
1165            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
1166
1167            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
1168
1169            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
1170            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
1171                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
1172                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
1173
1174                properties = expression.args.get("properties") or exp.Properties()
1175                is_temp = any(isinstance(p, exp.TemporaryProperty) for p in properties.expressions)
1176
1177                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
1178                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table, temporary=is_temp))
1179
1180                if like_property:
1181                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
1182
1183                sql = self.sql(select_into)
1184
1185            if exists:
1186                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
1187                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1188                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
1189                if kind == "SCHEMA":
1190                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1191                elif kind == "TABLE":
1192                    assert table
1193                    where = exp.and_(
1194                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
1195                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
1196                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
1197                    )
1198                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1199                elif kind == "INDEX":
1200                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
1201                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
1202            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
1203                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
1204
1205            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1206
1207        @generator.unsupported_args("unlogged", "expressions")
1208        def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str:
1209            if expression.args.get("temporary"):
1210                # If the Into expression has a temporary property, push this down to the Identifier
1211                table = expression.find(exp.Table)
1212                if table and isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier):
1213                    table.this.set("temporary", True)
1214
1215            return f"{self.seg('INTO')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1216
1217        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
1218            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
1219            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
1220
1221        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
1222            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
1223
1224        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
1225            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
1226            this = f"FOR {name}"
1227            expr = expression.expression
1228            kind = expression.text("kind")
1229            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
1230                args = expr.expressions
1231                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
1232                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
1233            else:
1234                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
1235
1236            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
1237            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
1238
1239        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
1240            table = expression.args.get("table")
1241            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
1242            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1243
1244        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
1245            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
1246            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
1247            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
1248
1249        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
1250            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1251            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1252            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
1253            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
1254            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
1255
1256        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
1257            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1258            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1259            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
1260            durability = (
1261                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
1262                if durability is not None
1263                else ""
1264            )
1265            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
1266
1267        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
1268            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1269            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
1270            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
1271
1272        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
1273            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
1274
1275            if expression.args.get("global"):
1276                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
1277            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
1278                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
1279
1280            return identifier
1281
1282        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
1283            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1284            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
1285            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
1286
1287        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
1288            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
1289
1290        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
1291            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
1292
1293        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
1294            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
1295
1296        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
1297            this = expression.this
1298            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
1299                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
1300            else:
1301                this_sql = self.sql(this)
1302            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
1303            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
1304
1305        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
1306            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
1307
1308        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
1309            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
1310            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
1311                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
1312            return super().alter_sql(expression)
1313
1314        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
1315            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
1316                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
1317            return super().drop_sql(expression)
1318
1319        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
1320            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
1321            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
1322
1323        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
1324            return self.sql(
1325                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
1326            )
1327
1328        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
1329            return f"(PATINDEX(CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), 0x255b5e002d7f5d25) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, {self.sql(expression.this)}) = 0)"
1330
1331        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
1332            this = super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
1333            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
1334            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
1335            output = self.sql(expression, "output")
1336            output = f" {output}" if output else ""
1337            return f"{this}{default}{output}"