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sqlglot.generators.postgres

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  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import typing as t
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, generator, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    DATE_ADD_OR_SUB,
  8    JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE,
  9    any_value_to_max_sql,
 10    array_append_sql,
 11    array_concat_sql,
 12    bool_xor_sql,
 13    count_if_to_sum,
 14    datestrtodate_sql,
 15    filter_array_using_unnest,
 16    generate_series_sql,
 17    getbit_sql,
 18    groupconcat_sql,
 19    inline_array_sql,
 20    json_extract_segments,
 21    json_path_key_only_name,
 22    max_or_greatest,
 23    merge_without_target_sql,
 24    min_or_least,
 25    no_last_day_sql,
 26    no_map_from_entries_sql,
 27    no_paren_current_date_sql,
 28    no_pivot_sql,
 29    no_trycast_sql,
 30    regexp_replace_global_modifier,
 31    rename_func,
 32    sha256_sql,
 33    sha2_digest_sql,
 34    strposition_sql,
 35    struct_extract_sql,
 36    timestamptrunc_sql,
 37    timestrtotime_sql,
 38    trim_sql,
 39    ts_or_ds_add_cast,
 40)
 41from sqlglot.generator import unsupported_args
 42from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
 43
 44
 45DATE_DIFF_FACTOR = {
 46    "MICROSECOND": " * 1000000",
 47    "MILLISECOND": " * 1000",
 48    "SECOND": "",
 49    "MINUTE": " / 60",
 50    "HOUR": " / 3600",
 51    "DAY": " / 86400",
 52}
 53
 54
 55def _date_add_sql(kind: str) -> t.Callable[[PostgresGenerator, DATE_ADD_OR_SUB], str]:
 56    def func(self: PostgresGenerator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_SUB) -> str:
 57        if isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
 58            expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
 59
 60        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
 61        unit = expression.args.get("unit")
 62
 63        e = self._simplify_unless_literal(expression.expression)
 64        if isinstance(e, exp.Interval):
 65            return f"{this} {kind} {self.sql(e)}"
 66        elif isinstance(e, exp.Literal):
 67            e.set("is_string", True)
 68        elif e.is_number:
 69            e = exp.Literal.string(e.to_py())
 70        else:
 71            one = exp.Literal.number(1)
 72            interval_times_value = exp.Interval(this=one, unit=unit) * e
 73            return f"{this} {kind} {self.sql(interval_times_value)}"
 74
 75        return f"{this} {kind} {self.sql(exp.Interval(this=e, unit=unit))}"
 76
 77    return func
 78
 79
 80def _day_month_year_sql(self: PostgresGenerator, expression: exp.Day | exp.Month | exp.Year) -> str:
 81    this = expression.this
 82    value = this.this if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) else this
 83
 84    if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and (
 85        default_date := this.args.get("default_date")
 86    ):
 87        this = exp.cast(default_date, exp.DType.DATE) + value
 88
 89    return self.sql(exp.Extract(this=exp.var(expression.sql_name()), expression=this))
 90
 91
 92def _date_diff_sql(self: PostgresGenerator, expression: exp.DateDiff | exp.TsOrDsDiff) -> str:
 93    unit = expression.text("unit").upper() or "DAY"
 94
 95    # Dialects like MySQL count crossed day boundaries, which maps to DATE subtraction
 96    if unit == "DAY" and expression.args.get("date_part_boundary"):
 97        this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DType.DATE)
 98        expr = exp.cast(expression.expression, exp.DType.DATE)
 99        return self.sql(exp.paren(this - expr))
100
101    factor = DATE_DIFF_FACTOR.get(unit)
102
103    end = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS TIMESTAMP)"
104    start = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'expression')} AS TIMESTAMP)"
105
106    if factor is not None:
107        return f"CAST(EXTRACT(epoch FROM {end} - {start}){factor} AS BIGINT)"
108
109    age = f"AGE({end}, {start})"
110
111    if unit == "WEEK":
112        unit = f"EXTRACT(days FROM ({end} - {start})) / 7"
113    elif unit == "MONTH":
114        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age}) * 12 + EXTRACT(month FROM {age})"
115    elif unit == "QUARTER":
116        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age}) * 4 + EXTRACT(month FROM {age}) / 3"
117    elif unit == "YEAR":
118        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age})"
119    else:
120        unit = age
121
122    return f"CAST({unit} AS BIGINT)"
123
124
125def _substring_sql(self: PostgresGenerator, expression: exp.Substring) -> str:
126    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
127    start = self.sql(expression, "start")
128    length = self.sql(expression, "length")
129
130    from_part = f" FROM {start}" if start else ""
131    for_part = f" FOR {length}" if length else ""
132
133    return f"SUBSTRING({this}{from_part}{for_part})"
134
135
136def _auto_increment_to_serial(expression: exp.Expr) -> exp.Expr:
137    auto = expression.find(exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint)
138
139    if auto:
140        expression.args["constraints"].remove(auto.parent)
141        kind = expression.args["kind"]
142
143        if kind.this == exp.DType.INT:
144            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DType.SERIAL))
145        elif kind.this == exp.DType.SMALLINT:
146            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DType.SMALLSERIAL))
147        elif kind.this == exp.DType.BIGINT:
148            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DType.BIGSERIAL))
149
150    return expression
151
152
153def _serial_to_generated(expression: exp.Expr) -> exp.Expr:
154    if not isinstance(expression, exp.ColumnDef):
155        return expression
156    kind = expression.kind
157    if not kind:
158        return expression
159
160    if kind.this == exp.DType.SERIAL:
161        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DType.INT)
162    elif kind.this == exp.DType.SMALLSERIAL:
163        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DType.SMALLINT)
164    elif kind.this == exp.DType.BIGSERIAL:
165        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DType.BIGINT)
166    else:
167        data_type = None
168
169    if data_type:
170        expression.args["kind"].replace(data_type)
171        constraints = expression.args["constraints"]
172        generated = exp.ColumnConstraint(kind=exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(this=False))
173        notnull = exp.ColumnConstraint(kind=exp.NotNullColumnConstraint())
174
175        if notnull not in constraints:
176            constraints.insert(0, notnull)
177        if generated not in constraints:
178            constraints.insert(0, generated)
179
180    return expression
181
182
183def _json_extract_sql(
184    name: str, op: str
185) -> t.Callable[[PostgresGenerator, JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE], str]:
186    def _generate(self: PostgresGenerator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
187        if expression.args.get("only_json_types"):
188            return json_extract_segments(name, quoted_index=False, op=op)(self, expression)
189        return json_extract_segments(name)(self, expression)
190
191    return _generate
192
193
194def _unix_to_time_sql(self: PostgresGenerator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
195    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
196    timestamp = expression.this
197
198    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
199        return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", timestamp, self.format_time(expression))
200
201    return self.func(
202        "TO_TIMESTAMP",
203        exp.Div(this=timestamp, expression=exp.func("POW", 10, scale)),
204        self.format_time(expression),
205    )
206
207
208def _levenshtein_sql(self: PostgresGenerator, expression: exp.Levenshtein) -> str:
209    name = "LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL" if expression.args.get("max_dist") else "LEVENSHTEIN"
210
211    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
212
213
214def _versioned_anyvalue_sql(self: PostgresGenerator, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str:
215    # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/functions-aggregate.html
216    # https://www.postgresql.org/about/featurematrix/
217    if self.dialect.version < (16,):
218        return any_value_to_max_sql(self, expression)
219
220    return rename_func("ANY_VALUE")(self, expression)
221
222
223def _round_sql(self: PostgresGenerator, expression: exp.Round) -> str:
224    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
225    decimals = self.sql(expression, "decimals")
226
227    if not decimals:
228        return self.func("ROUND", this)
229
230    if not expression.type:
231        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
232
233        expression = annotate_types(expression, dialect=self.dialect)
234
235    # ROUND(double precision, integer) is not permitted in Postgres
236    # so it's necessary to cast to decimal before rounding.
237    if expression.this.is_type(exp.DType.DOUBLE):
238        decimal_type = exp.DType.DECIMAL.into_expr(expressions=expression.expressions)
239        this = self.sql(exp.Cast(this=this, to=decimal_type))
240
241    return self.func("ROUND", this, decimals)
242
243
244class PostgresGenerator(generator.Generator):
245    SELECT_KINDS: tuple[str, ...] = ()
246    TRY_SUPPORTED = False
247    SUPPORTS_DECODE_CASE = False
248
249    AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = generator.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS
250
251    SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
252    RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
253    LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
254    JOIN_HINTS = False
255    TABLE_HINTS = False
256    QUERY_HINTS = False
257    NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
258    PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
259    NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "%"
260    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = False
261    TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
262    SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
263    JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True
264    SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = True
265    LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
266    MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
267    CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
268    SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE = True
269    COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
270    ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
271    SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
272    ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED: bool | None = True
273    SUPPORTS_BETWEEN_FLAGS = True
274    INOUT_SEPARATOR = ""  # PostgreSQL uses "INOUT" (no space)
275
276    SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
277        exp.JSONPathKey,
278        exp.JSONPathRoot,
279        exp.JSONPathSubscript,
280    }
281
282    def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
283        sql = super().lateral_sql(expression)
284
285        if expression.args.get("cross_apply") is not None:
286            sql = f"{sql} ON TRUE"
287
288        return sql
289
290    TYPE_MAPPING = {
291        **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
292        exp.DType.TINYINT: "SMALLINT",
293        exp.DType.FLOAT: "REAL",
294        exp.DType.DOUBLE: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
295        exp.DType.BINARY: "BYTEA",
296        exp.DType.VARBINARY: "BYTEA",
297        exp.DType.ROWVERSION: "BYTEA",
298        exp.DType.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
299        exp.DType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
300        exp.DType.BLOB: "BYTEA",
301    }
302
303    TRANSFORMS = {
304        **{
305            k: v
306            for k, v in generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS.items()
307            if k != exp.CommentColumnConstraint
308        },
309        exp.AnyValue: _versioned_anyvalue_sql,
310        exp.ArrayConcat: array_concat_sql("ARRAY_CAT"),
311        exp.ArrayFilter: filter_array_using_unnest,
312        exp.ArrayAppend: array_append_sql("ARRAY_APPEND"),
313        exp.ArrayPrepend: array_append_sql("ARRAY_PREPEND", swap_params=True),
314        exp.BitwiseAndAgg: rename_func("BIT_AND"),
315        exp.BitwiseOrAgg: rename_func("BIT_OR"),
316        exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#"),
317        exp.BitwiseXorAgg: rename_func("BIT_XOR"),
318        exp.ColumnDef: transforms.preprocess([_auto_increment_to_serial, _serial_to_generated]),
319        exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
320        exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
321        exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
322        exp.CurrentVersion: rename_func("VERSION"),
323        exp.DateAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
324        exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
325        exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
326        exp.DateSub: _date_add_sql("-"),
327        exp.Day: _day_month_year_sql,
328        exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
329        exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_SERIES"),
330        exp.GenerateSeries: generate_series_sql("GENERATE_SERIES"),
331        exp.Getbit: getbit_sql,
332        exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: groupconcat_sql(
333            self, e, func_name="STRING_AGG", within_group=False
334        ),
335        exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
336        exp.JSONArrayAgg: lambda self, e: self.func(
337            "JSON_AGG",
338            self.sql(e, "this"),
339            suffix=f"{self.sql(e, 'order')})",
340        ),
341        exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH", "->"),
342        exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", "->>"),
343        exp.JSONBExtract: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>"),
344        exp.JSONBExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>>"),
345        exp.JSONBContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "?"),
346        exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DType.JSON)),
347        exp.JSONPathKey: json_path_key_only_name,
348        exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
349        exp.JSONPathSubscript: lambda self, e: self.json_path_part(e.this),
350        exp.LastDay: no_last_day_sql,
351        exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
352        exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
353        exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
354        exp.MapFromEntries: no_map_from_entries_sql,
355        exp.Min: min_or_least,
356        exp.Merge: merge_without_target_sql,
357        exp.Month: _day_month_year_sql,
358        exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
359        exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]),
360        exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]),
361        exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
362        exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
363        exp.RegexpLike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~"),
364        exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~*"),
365        exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
366            "REGEXP_REPLACE",
367            e.this,
368            e.expression,
369            e.args.get("replacement"),
370            e.args.get("position"),
371            e.args.get("occurrence"),
372            regexp_replace_global_modifier(e),
373        ),
374        exp.Round: _round_sql,
375        exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
376            [
377                transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
378                transforms.eliminate_qualify,
379            ]
380        ),
381        exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
382        exp.SHA2Digest: sha2_digest_sql,
383        exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(self, e, func_name="POSITION"),
384        exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
385        exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
386        exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
387        exp.Substring: _substring_sql,
388        exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIME"),
389        exp.TimestampFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP"),
390        exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(zone=True),
391        exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
392        exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_CHAR", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
393        exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: (
394            self.function_fallback_sql(e) if e.args.get("format") else self.tochar_sql(e)
395        ),
396        exp.Trim: trim_sql,
397        exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
398        exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
399        exp.TsOrDsDiff: _date_diff_sql,
400        exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this),
401        exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "GEN_RANDOM_UUID()",
402        exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_PART", exp.Literal.string("epoch"), e.this),
403        exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
404        exp.Variance: rename_func("VAR_SAMP"),
405        exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
406        exp.Year: _day_month_year_sql,
407        exp.Unicode: rename_func("ASCII"),
408        exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
409        exp.Levenshtein: _levenshtein_sql,
410        exp.JSONObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_OBJECT_AGG"),
411        exp.JSONBObjectAgg: rename_func("JSONB_OBJECT_AGG"),
412        exp.CountIf: count_if_to_sum,
413    }
414
415    PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
416        **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
417        exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
418        exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
419        exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
420    }
421
422    def schemacommentproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.SchemaCommentProperty) -> str:
423        self.unsupported("Table comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
424        return ""
425
426    def commentcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str:
427        self.unsupported("Column comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
428        return ""
429
430    def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
431        # PostgreSQL places parameter modes BEFORE parameter name
432        param_constraint = expression.find(exp.InOutColumnConstraint)
433
434        if param_constraint:
435            mode_sql = self.sql(param_constraint)
436            param_constraint.pop()  # Remove to prevent double-rendering
437            base_sql = super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
438            return f"{mode_sql} {base_sql}"
439
440        return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
441
442    def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
443        if len(expression.expressions) == 1:
444            arg = expression.expressions[0]
445            if isinstance(arg, exp.GenerateDateArray):
446                generate_series: exp.Expr = exp.GenerateSeries(**arg.args)
447                if isinstance(expression.parent, (exp.From, exp.Join)):
448                    generate_series = (
449                        exp.select("value::date")
450                        .from_(exp.Table(this=generate_series).as_("_t", table=["value"]))
451                        .subquery(expression.args.get("alias") or "_unnested_generate_series")
452                    )
453                return self.sql(generate_series)
454
455            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
456
457            this = annotate_types(arg, dialect=self.dialect)
458            if this.is_type("array<json>"):
459                while isinstance(this, exp.Cast):
460                    this = this.this
461
462                arg_as_json = self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DType.JSON))
463                alias = self.sql(expression, "alias")
464                alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
465
466                if expression.args.get("offset"):
467                    self.unsupported("Unsupported JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS with offset")
468
469                return f"JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS({arg_as_json}){alias}"
470
471        return super().unnest_sql(expression)
472
473    def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
474        """Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY."""
475        if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Array):
476            expression.set("this", exp.paren(expression.this, copy=False))
477
478        return super().bracket_sql(expression)
479
480    def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str:
481        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
482        expressions = [f"{self.sql(e)} @@ {this}" for e in expression.expressions]
483        sql = " OR ".join(expressions)
484        return f"({sql})" if len(expressions) > 1 else sql
485
486    def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
487        exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
488        exprs = f"({exprs})" if exprs else ""
489
490        access_method = self.sql(expression, "access_method")
491        access_method = f"ACCESS METHOD {access_method}" if access_method else ""
492        tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace")
493        tablespace = f"TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else ""
494        option = self.sql(expression, "option")
495
496        return f"SET {exprs}{access_method}{tablespace}{option}"
497
498    def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
499        if expression.is_type(exp.DType.ARRAY):
500            if expression.expressions:
501                values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True)
502                return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{values}]"
503            return "ARRAY"
504
505        if expression.is_type(exp.DType.ENUM):
506            return f"ENUM ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
507
508        if expression.is_type(exp.DType.DOUBLE, exp.DType.FLOAT) and expression.expressions:
509            # Postgres doesn't support precision for REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION types
510            return f"FLOAT({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
511
512        return super().datatype_sql(expression)
513
514    def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: str | None = None) -> str:
515        this = expression.this
516
517        # Postgres casts DIV() to decimal for transpilation but when roundtripping it's superfluous
518        if isinstance(this, exp.IntDiv) and expression.to == exp.DType.DECIMAL.into_expr():
519            return self.sql(this)
520
521        return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
522
523    def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
524        exprs = expression.expressions
525        func_name = self.normalize_func("ARRAY")
526
527        if isinstance(seq_get(exprs, 0), exp.Query):
528            return f"{func_name}({self.sql(exprs[0])})"
529
530        return f"{func_name}{inline_array_sql(self, expression)}"
531
532    def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
533        return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}) STORED"
534
535    def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
536        return f"({self.sql(expression.this)} ~ '^[[:ascii:]]*$')"
537
538    def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
539        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-window.html
540        self.unsupported("PostgreSQL does not support IGNORE NULLS.")
541        return self.sql(expression.this)
542
543    def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str:
544        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-window.html
545        self.unsupported("PostgreSQL does not support RESPECT NULLS.")
546        return self.sql(expression.this)
547
548    @unsupported_args("this")
549    def currentschema_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentSchema) -> str:
550        return "CURRENT_SCHEMA"
551
552    def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
553        unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
554
555        this = expression.this
556        if unit.startswith("quarter") and isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
557            this.replace(exp.Literal.string(int(this.to_py()) * 3))
558            expression.args["unit"].replace(exp.var("MONTH"))
559
560        return super().interval_sql(expression)
561
562    def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str:
563        if expression.args.get("jdbc"):
564            return "?"
565
566        this = f"({expression.name})" if expression.this else ""
567        return f"{self.NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN}{this}s"
568
569    def arraycontains_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayContains) -> str:
570        # Convert DuckDB's LIST_CONTAINS(array, value) to PostgreSQL
571        # DuckDB behavior:
572        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,3], 2) -> true
573        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,3], 4) -> false
574        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,NULL], 4) -> false (not NULL)
575        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,3], NULL) -> NULL
576        #
577        # PostgreSQL equivalent: CASE WHEN value IS NULL THEN NULL
578        #                            ELSE COALESCE(value = ANY(array), FALSE) END
579        value = expression.expression
580        array = expression.this
581
582        coalesce_expr = exp.Coalesce(
583            this=value.eq(exp.Any(this=exp.paren(expression=array, copy=False))),
584            expressions=[exp.false()],
585        )
586
587        case_expr = (
588            exp.Case()
589            .when(exp.Is(this=value, expression=exp.null()), exp.null(), copy=False)
590            .else_(coalesce_expr, copy=False)
591        )
592
593        return self.sql(case_expr)

DATE_DIFF_FACTOR = {'MICROSECOND': ' * 1000000', 'MILLISECOND': ' * 1000', 'SECOND': '', 'MINUTE': ' / 60', 'HOUR': ' / 3600', 'DAY': ' / 86400'}

class PostgresGenerator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

245class PostgresGenerator(generator.Generator):
246    SELECT_KINDS: tuple[str, ...] = ()
247    TRY_SUPPORTED = False
248    SUPPORTS_DECODE_CASE = False
249
250    AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = generator.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS
251
252    SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
253    RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
254    LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
255    JOIN_HINTS = False
256    TABLE_HINTS = False
257    QUERY_HINTS = False
258    NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
259    PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
260    NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "%"
261    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = False
262    TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
263    SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
264    JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True
265    SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = True
266    LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
267    MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
268    CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
269    SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE = True
270    COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
271    ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
272    SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
273    ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED: bool | None = True
274    SUPPORTS_BETWEEN_FLAGS = True
275    INOUT_SEPARATOR = ""  # PostgreSQL uses "INOUT" (no space)
276
277    SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
278        exp.JSONPathKey,
279        exp.JSONPathRoot,
280        exp.JSONPathSubscript,
281    }
282
283    def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
284        sql = super().lateral_sql(expression)
285
286        if expression.args.get("cross_apply") is not None:
287            sql = f"{sql} ON TRUE"
288
289        return sql
290
291    TYPE_MAPPING = {
292        **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
293        exp.DType.TINYINT: "SMALLINT",
294        exp.DType.FLOAT: "REAL",
295        exp.DType.DOUBLE: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
296        exp.DType.BINARY: "BYTEA",
297        exp.DType.VARBINARY: "BYTEA",
298        exp.DType.ROWVERSION: "BYTEA",
299        exp.DType.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
300        exp.DType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
301        exp.DType.BLOB: "BYTEA",
302    }
303
304    TRANSFORMS = {
305        **{
306            k: v
307            for k, v in generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS.items()
308            if k != exp.CommentColumnConstraint
309        },
310        exp.AnyValue: _versioned_anyvalue_sql,
311        exp.ArrayConcat: array_concat_sql("ARRAY_CAT"),
312        exp.ArrayFilter: filter_array_using_unnest,
313        exp.ArrayAppend: array_append_sql("ARRAY_APPEND"),
314        exp.ArrayPrepend: array_append_sql("ARRAY_PREPEND", swap_params=True),
315        exp.BitwiseAndAgg: rename_func("BIT_AND"),
316        exp.BitwiseOrAgg: rename_func("BIT_OR"),
317        exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#"),
318        exp.BitwiseXorAgg: rename_func("BIT_XOR"),
319        exp.ColumnDef: transforms.preprocess([_auto_increment_to_serial, _serial_to_generated]),
320        exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
321        exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
322        exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
323        exp.CurrentVersion: rename_func("VERSION"),
324        exp.DateAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
325        exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
326        exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
327        exp.DateSub: _date_add_sql("-"),
328        exp.Day: _day_month_year_sql,
329        exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
330        exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_SERIES"),
331        exp.GenerateSeries: generate_series_sql("GENERATE_SERIES"),
332        exp.Getbit: getbit_sql,
333        exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: groupconcat_sql(
334            self, e, func_name="STRING_AGG", within_group=False
335        ),
336        exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
337        exp.JSONArrayAgg: lambda self, e: self.func(
338            "JSON_AGG",
339            self.sql(e, "this"),
340            suffix=f"{self.sql(e, 'order')})",
341        ),
342        exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH", "->"),
343        exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", "->>"),
344        exp.JSONBExtract: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>"),
345        exp.JSONBExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>>"),
346        exp.JSONBContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "?"),
347        exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DType.JSON)),
348        exp.JSONPathKey: json_path_key_only_name,
349        exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
350        exp.JSONPathSubscript: lambda self, e: self.json_path_part(e.this),
351        exp.LastDay: no_last_day_sql,
352        exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
353        exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
354        exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
355        exp.MapFromEntries: no_map_from_entries_sql,
356        exp.Min: min_or_least,
357        exp.Merge: merge_without_target_sql,
358        exp.Month: _day_month_year_sql,
359        exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
360        exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]),
361        exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]),
362        exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
363        exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
364        exp.RegexpLike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~"),
365        exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~*"),
366        exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
367            "REGEXP_REPLACE",
368            e.this,
369            e.expression,
370            e.args.get("replacement"),
371            e.args.get("position"),
372            e.args.get("occurrence"),
373            regexp_replace_global_modifier(e),
374        ),
375        exp.Round: _round_sql,
376        exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
377            [
378                transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
379                transforms.eliminate_qualify,
380            ]
381        ),
382        exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
383        exp.SHA2Digest: sha2_digest_sql,
384        exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(self, e, func_name="POSITION"),
385        exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
386        exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
387        exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
388        exp.Substring: _substring_sql,
389        exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIME"),
390        exp.TimestampFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP"),
391        exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(zone=True),
392        exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
393        exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_CHAR", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
394        exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: (
395            self.function_fallback_sql(e) if e.args.get("format") else self.tochar_sql(e)
396        ),
397        exp.Trim: trim_sql,
398        exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
399        exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
400        exp.TsOrDsDiff: _date_diff_sql,
401        exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this),
402        exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "GEN_RANDOM_UUID()",
403        exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_PART", exp.Literal.string("epoch"), e.this),
404        exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
405        exp.Variance: rename_func("VAR_SAMP"),
406        exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
407        exp.Year: _day_month_year_sql,
408        exp.Unicode: rename_func("ASCII"),
409        exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
410        exp.Levenshtein: _levenshtein_sql,
411        exp.JSONObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_OBJECT_AGG"),
412        exp.JSONBObjectAgg: rename_func("JSONB_OBJECT_AGG"),
413        exp.CountIf: count_if_to_sum,
414    }
415
416    PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
417        **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
418        exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
419        exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
420        exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
421    }
422
423    def schemacommentproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.SchemaCommentProperty) -> str:
424        self.unsupported("Table comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
425        return ""
426
427    def commentcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str:
428        self.unsupported("Column comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
429        return ""
430
431    def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
432        # PostgreSQL places parameter modes BEFORE parameter name
433        param_constraint = expression.find(exp.InOutColumnConstraint)
434
435        if param_constraint:
436            mode_sql = self.sql(param_constraint)
437            param_constraint.pop()  # Remove to prevent double-rendering
438            base_sql = super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
439            return f"{mode_sql} {base_sql}"
440
441        return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
442
443    def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
444        if len(expression.expressions) == 1:
445            arg = expression.expressions[0]
446            if isinstance(arg, exp.GenerateDateArray):
447                generate_series: exp.Expr = exp.GenerateSeries(**arg.args)
448                if isinstance(expression.parent, (exp.From, exp.Join)):
449                    generate_series = (
450                        exp.select("value::date")
451                        .from_(exp.Table(this=generate_series).as_("_t", table=["value"]))
452                        .subquery(expression.args.get("alias") or "_unnested_generate_series")
453                    )
454                return self.sql(generate_series)
455
456            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
457
458            this = annotate_types(arg, dialect=self.dialect)
459            if this.is_type("array<json>"):
460                while isinstance(this, exp.Cast):
461                    this = this.this
462
463                arg_as_json = self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DType.JSON))
464                alias = self.sql(expression, "alias")
465                alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
466
467                if expression.args.get("offset"):
468                    self.unsupported("Unsupported JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS with offset")
469
470                return f"JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS({arg_as_json}){alias}"
471
472        return super().unnest_sql(expression)
473
474    def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
475        """Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY."""
476        if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Array):
477            expression.set("this", exp.paren(expression.this, copy=False))
478
479        return super().bracket_sql(expression)
480
481    def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str:
482        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
483        expressions = [f"{self.sql(e)} @@ {this}" for e in expression.expressions]
484        sql = " OR ".join(expressions)
485        return f"({sql})" if len(expressions) > 1 else sql
486
487    def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
488        exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
489        exprs = f"({exprs})" if exprs else ""
490
491        access_method = self.sql(expression, "access_method")
492        access_method = f"ACCESS METHOD {access_method}" if access_method else ""
493        tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace")
494        tablespace = f"TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else ""
495        option = self.sql(expression, "option")
496
497        return f"SET {exprs}{access_method}{tablespace}{option}"
498
499    def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
500        if expression.is_type(exp.DType.ARRAY):
501            if expression.expressions:
502                values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True)
503                return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{values}]"
504            return "ARRAY"
505
506        if expression.is_type(exp.DType.ENUM):
507            return f"ENUM ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
508
509        if expression.is_type(exp.DType.DOUBLE, exp.DType.FLOAT) and expression.expressions:
510            # Postgres doesn't support precision for REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION types
511            return f"FLOAT({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
512
513        return super().datatype_sql(expression)
514
515    def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: str | None = None) -> str:
516        this = expression.this
517
518        # Postgres casts DIV() to decimal for transpilation but when roundtripping it's superfluous
519        if isinstance(this, exp.IntDiv) and expression.to == exp.DType.DECIMAL.into_expr():
520            return self.sql(this)
521
522        return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
523
524    def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
525        exprs = expression.expressions
526        func_name = self.normalize_func("ARRAY")
527
528        if isinstance(seq_get(exprs, 0), exp.Query):
529            return f"{func_name}({self.sql(exprs[0])})"
530
531        return f"{func_name}{inline_array_sql(self, expression)}"
532
533    def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
534        return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}) STORED"
535
536    def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
537        return f"({self.sql(expression.this)} ~ '^[[:ascii:]]*$')"
538
539    def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
540        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-window.html
541        self.unsupported("PostgreSQL does not support IGNORE NULLS.")
542        return self.sql(expression.this)
543
544    def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str:
545        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-window.html
546        self.unsupported("PostgreSQL does not support RESPECT NULLS.")
547        return self.sql(expression.this)
548
549    @unsupported_args("this")
550    def currentschema_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentSchema) -> str:
551        return "CURRENT_SCHEMA"
552
553    def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
554        unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
555
556        this = expression.this
557        if unit.startswith("quarter") and isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
558            this.replace(exp.Literal.string(int(this.to_py()) * 3))
559            expression.args["unit"].replace(exp.var("MONTH"))
560
561        return super().interval_sql(expression)
562
563    def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str:
564        if expression.args.get("jdbc"):
565            return "?"
566
567        this = f"({expression.name})" if expression.this else ""
568        return f"{self.NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN}{this}s"
569
570    def arraycontains_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayContains) -> str:
571        # Convert DuckDB's LIST_CONTAINS(array, value) to PostgreSQL
572        # DuckDB behavior:
573        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,3], 2) -> true
574        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,3], 4) -> false
575        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,NULL], 4) -> false (not NULL)
576        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,3], NULL) -> NULL
577        #
578        # PostgreSQL equivalent: CASE WHEN value IS NULL THEN NULL
579        #                            ELSE COALESCE(value = ANY(array), FALSE) END
580        value = expression.expression
581        array = expression.this
582
583        coalesce_expr = exp.Coalesce(
584            this=value.eq(exp.Any(this=exp.paren(expression=array, copy=False))),
585            expressions=[exp.false()],
586        )
587
588        case_expr = (
589            exp.Case()
590            .when(exp.Is(this=value, expression=exp.null()), exp.null(), copy=False)
591            .else_(coalesce_expr, copy=False)
592        )
593
594        return self.sql(case_expr)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:

pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True: Always quote except for specials cases. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a WHERE clause. Default: 2.
normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

SELECT_KINDS: tuple[str, ...] = ()

TRY_SUPPORTED = False

SUPPORTS_DECODE_CASE = False

AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function <lambda>>, 'qualify': <function <lambda>>}

SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True

RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False

LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True

JOIN_HINTS = False

TABLE_HINTS = False

QUERY_HINTS = False

NVL2_SUPPORTED = False

PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'

NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = '%'

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = False

TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'

SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True

JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True

SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = True

LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True

MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False

CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True

SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE = True

COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False

ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False

SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False

ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED: bool | None = True

SUPPORTS_BETWEEN_FLAGS = True

INOUT_SEPARATOR = ''

SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.JSONPathRoot'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.JSONPathSubscript'>}

def lateral_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.query.Lateral) -> str: View Source

283    def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
284        sql = super().lateral_sql(expression)
285
286        if expression.args.get("cross_apply") is not None:
287            sql = f"{sql} ON TRUE"
288
289        return sql

TYPE_MAPPING = {<DType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <DType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <DType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <DType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <DType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <DType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <DType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>: 'BYTEA', <DType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <DType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <DType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <DType.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <DType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'BYTEA', <DType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <DType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'SMALLINT', <DType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <DType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'DOUBLE PRECISION', <DType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BYTEA', <DType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BYTEA', <DType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <DType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP'}

TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.JSONPathKey'>: <function json_path_key_only_name>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.JSONPathRoot'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.core.Adjacent'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.AnalyzeColumns'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.AnalyzeWith'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.ArrayContainedBy'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.AssumeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.CalledOnNullInputProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.math.Ceil'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.functions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.string.ConvertToCharset'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.CredentialsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.functions.CurrentCatalog'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.functions.SessionUser'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ApiProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ApplicationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.CatalogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ComputeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DatabaseProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.EndStatement'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.EnviromentProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.HandlerProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ParameterStyleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.math.Floor'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.Get'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.HybridProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.datatypes.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.functions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONBContainsAnyTopKeys'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONBContainsAllTopKeys'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONBDeleteAtPath'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONBPathExists'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONObject'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONObjectAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.MaskingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.functions.NetFunc'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.NetworkProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.core.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.core.ExtendsLeft'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.core.ExtendsRight'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.PartitionedByBucket'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.PartitionByTruncate'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.core.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.PositionalColumn'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.InvisibleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.ZeroFillColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.Put'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.RowAccessProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.core.SafeFunc'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SecurityIntegrationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ddl.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.TableColumn'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.VirtualProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ddl.TriggerExecute'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.UsingTemplateProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.UsingData'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.UtcDate'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.UtcTime'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.UtcTimestamp'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.Variadic'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ForceProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.aggregate.AnyValue'>: <function _versioned_anyvalue_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.ArrayConcat'>: <function array_concat_sql.<locals>._array_concat_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.ArrayFilter'>: <function filter_array_using_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.ArrayAppend'>: <function array_append_sql.<locals>._array_append_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.ArrayPrepend'>: <function array_append_sql.<locals>._array_append_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.math.BitwiseAndAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.math.BitwiseOrAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.core.BitwiseXor'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.math.BitwiseXorAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.ColumnDef'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.CurrentDate'>: <function no_paren_current_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.functions.CurrentUser'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.functions.CurrentVersion'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.DateAdd'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.DateDiff'>: <function _date_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.DateSub'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.Day'>: <function _day_month_year_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.GenerateSeries'>: <function generate_series_sql.<locals>._generate_series_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.math.Getbit'>: <function getbit_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.aggregate.GroupConcat'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.core.IntDiv'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONArrayAgg'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONExtract'>: <function _json_extract_sql.<locals>._generate>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _json_extract_sql.<locals>._generate>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONBExtract'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONBContains'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.ParseJSON'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.LastDay'>: <function no_last_day_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.aggregate.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.aggregate.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.aggregate.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.MapFromEntries'>: <function no_map_from_entries_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.aggregate.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.dml.Merge'>: <function merge_without_target_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.Month'>: <function _day_month_year_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.aggregate.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.aggregate.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.Pivot'>: <function no_pivot_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.functions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.core.RegexpLike'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.string.RegexpILike'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.string.RegexpReplace'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.math.Round'>: <function _round_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.string.SHA2'>: <function sha256_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.string.SHA2Digest'>: <function sha2_digest_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.string.StrPosition'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.StrToDate'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.StrToTime'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.array.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.string.Substring'>: <function _substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.TimeFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.TimestampFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.TimeToStr'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.string.ToChar'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.string.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.functions.TryCast'>: <function no_trycast_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function _date_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.functions.Uuid'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.TimeToUnix'>: <function PostgresGenerator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.aggregate.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.aggregate.Variance'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.core.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.temporal.Year'>: <function _day_month_year_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.string.Unicode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.string.Levenshtein'>: <function _levenshtein_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.json.JSONBObjectAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.aggregate.CountIf'>: <function count_if_to_sum>}

PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.AlgorithmProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ApiProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ApplicationProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.BackupProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.CalledOnNullInputProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.CatalogProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.CharacterSetProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ChecksumProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.CollateProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ComputeProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.Cluster'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ClusteredByProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ClusterProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DistributedByProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DatabaseProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DataDeletionProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DefinerProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DictRange'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DictProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DynamicProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DistKeyProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.DistStyleProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.EmptyProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.EncodeProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.EngineProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.EnviromentProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.HandlerProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ParameterStyleProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ExternalProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.FallbackProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.FileFormatProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.FreespaceProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.GlobalProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.HeapProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.HybridProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.InheritsProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.IcebergProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.IncludeProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.InputModelProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.JournalProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.LanguageProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.LikeProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.LocationProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.LockProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.LockingProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.LogProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.MaskingProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.MaterializedProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ModuleProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.NetworkProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.OnProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.OnCommitProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.query.Order'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.OutputModelProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.PartitionedByProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.constraints.PrimaryKey'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.Property'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.RefreshTriggerProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ReturnsProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.RollupProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.RowAccessProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.RowFormatProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SampleProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SecureProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SecurityIntegrationProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SerdeProperties'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ddl.Set'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SettingsProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SetProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SetConfigProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SharingProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ddl.SequenceProperties'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ddl.TriggerProperties'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SortKeyProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.StabilityProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.StorageHandlerProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.StreamingTableProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.StrictProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.Tags'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.TemporaryProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ToTableProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.TransientProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.TransformModelProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ddl.MergeTreeTTL'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.UnloggedProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.UsingProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.UsingTemplateProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.VirtualProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.VolatileProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.WithDataProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.WithProcedureOptions'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.properties.ForceProperty'>: <PropertiesLocation.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>}

def schemacommentproperty_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.properties.SchemaCommentProperty) -> str: View Source

423    def schemacommentproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.SchemaCommentProperty) -> str:
424        self.unsupported("Table comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
425        return ""

def commentcolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.constraints.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

427    def commentcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str:
428        self.unsupported("Column comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
429        return ""

def columndef_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.query.ColumnDef, sep: str = ' ') -> str: View Source

431    def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
432        # PostgreSQL places parameter modes BEFORE parameter name
433        param_constraint = expression.find(exp.InOutColumnConstraint)
434
435        if param_constraint:
436            mode_sql = self.sql(param_constraint)
437            param_constraint.pop()  # Remove to prevent double-rendering
438            base_sql = super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
439            return f"{mode_sql} {base_sql}"
440
441        return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)

def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.array.Unnest) -> str: View Source

443    def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
444        if len(expression.expressions) == 1:
445            arg = expression.expressions[0]
446            if isinstance(arg, exp.GenerateDateArray):
447                generate_series: exp.Expr = exp.GenerateSeries(**arg.args)
448                if isinstance(expression.parent, (exp.From, exp.Join)):
449                    generate_series = (
450                        exp.select("value::date")
451                        .from_(exp.Table(this=generate_series).as_("_t", table=["value"]))
452                        .subquery(expression.args.get("alias") or "_unnested_generate_series")
453                    )
454                return self.sql(generate_series)
455
456            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
457
458            this = annotate_types(arg, dialect=self.dialect)
459            if this.is_type("array<json>"):
460                while isinstance(this, exp.Cast):
461                    this = this.this
462
463                arg_as_json = self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DType.JSON))
464                alias = self.sql(expression, "alias")
465                alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
466
467                if expression.args.get("offset"):
468                    self.unsupported("Unsupported JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS with offset")
469
470                return f"JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS({arg_as_json}){alias}"
471
472        return super().unnest_sql(expression)

def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.core.Bracket) -> str: View Source

474    def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
475        """Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY."""
476        if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Array):
477            expression.set("this", exp.paren(expression.this, copy=False))
478
479        return super().bracket_sql(expression)

Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY.

def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.string.MatchAgainst) -> str: View Source

481    def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str:
482        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
483        expressions = [f"{self.sql(e)} @@ {this}" for e in expression.expressions]
484        sql = " OR ".join(expressions)
485        return f"({sql})" if len(expressions) > 1 else sql

def alterset_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ddl.AlterSet) -> str: View Source

487    def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
488        exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
489        exprs = f"({exprs})" if exprs else ""
490
491        access_method = self.sql(expression, "access_method")
492        access_method = f"ACCESS METHOD {access_method}" if access_method else ""
493        tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace")
494        tablespace = f"TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else ""
495        option = self.sql(expression, "option")
496
497        return f"SET {exprs}{access_method}{tablespace}{option}"

def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.datatypes.DataType) -> str: View Source

499    def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
500        if expression.is_type(exp.DType.ARRAY):
501            if expression.expressions:
502                values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True)
503                return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{values}]"
504            return "ARRAY"
505
506        if expression.is_type(exp.DType.ENUM):
507            return f"ENUM ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
508
509        if expression.is_type(exp.DType.DOUBLE, exp.DType.FLOAT) and expression.expressions:
510            # Postgres doesn't support precision for REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION types
511            return f"FLOAT({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
512
513        return super().datatype_sql(expression)

def cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.functions.Cast, safe_prefix: str | None = None) -> str: View Source

515    def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: str | None = None) -> str:
516        this = expression.this
517
518        # Postgres casts DIV() to decimal for transpilation but when roundtripping it's superfluous
519        if isinstance(this, exp.IntDiv) and expression.to == exp.DType.DECIMAL.into_expr():
520            return self.sql(this)
521
522        return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)

def array_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.array.Array) -> str: View Source

524    def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
525        exprs = expression.expressions
526        func_name = self.normalize_func("ARRAY")
527
528        if isinstance(seq_get(exprs, 0), exp.Query):
529            return f"{func_name}({self.sql(exprs[0])})"
530
531        return f"{func_name}{inline_array_sql(self, expression)}"

def computedcolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.constraints.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

533    def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
534        return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}) STORED"

def isascii_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.string.IsAscii) -> str: View Source

536    def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
537        return f"({self.sql(expression.this)} ~ '^[[:ascii:]]*$')"

def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.core.IgnoreNulls) -> str: View Source

539    def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
540        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-window.html
541        self.unsupported("PostgreSQL does not support IGNORE NULLS.")
542        return self.sql(expression.this)

def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.core.RespectNulls) -> str: View Source

544    def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str:
545        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-window.html
546        self.unsupported("PostgreSQL does not support RESPECT NULLS.")
547        return self.sql(expression.this)

@unsupported_args('this')

def currentschema_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.functions.CurrentSchema) -> str: View Source

549    @unsupported_args("this")
550    def currentschema_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentSchema) -> str:
551        return "CURRENT_SCHEMA"

def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.datatypes.Interval) -> str: View Source

553    def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
554        unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
555
556        this = expression.this
557        if unit.startswith("quarter") and isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
558            this.replace(exp.Literal.string(int(this.to_py()) * 3))
559            expression.args["unit"].replace(exp.var("MONTH"))
560
561        return super().interval_sql(expression)

def placeholder_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.core.Placeholder) -> str: View Source

563    def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str:
564        if expression.args.get("jdbc"):
565            return "?"
566
567        this = f"({expression.name})" if expression.this else ""
568        return f"{self.NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN}{this}s"

def arraycontains_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.array.ArrayContains) -> str: View Source

570    def arraycontains_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayContains) -> str:
571        # Convert DuckDB's LIST_CONTAINS(array, value) to PostgreSQL
572        # DuckDB behavior:
573        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,3], 2) -> true
574        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,3], 4) -> false
575        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,NULL], 4) -> false (not NULL)
576        #   - LIST_CONTAINS([1,2,3], NULL) -> NULL
577        #
578        # PostgreSQL equivalent: CASE WHEN value IS NULL THEN NULL
579        #                            ELSE COALESCE(value = ANY(array), FALSE) END
580        value = expression.expression
581        array = expression.this
582
583        coalesce_expr = exp.Coalesce(
584            this=value.eq(exp.Any(this=exp.paren(expression=array, copy=False))),
585            expressions=[exp.false()],
586        )
587
588        case_expr = (
589            exp.Case()
590            .when(exp.Is(this=value, expression=exp.null()), exp.null(), copy=False)
591            .else_(coalesce_expr, copy=False)
592        )
593
594        return self.sql(case_expr)

Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator: Generator; NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED; WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_NULL_ORDERING; IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC; IGNORE_NULLS_BEFORE_ORDER; EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE; WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES; CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS; MATCHED_BY_SOURCE; SUPPORTS_MERGE_WHERE; INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM; AUTO_REFRESH_BARE_INTERVALS; LIMIT_FETCH; LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS; GROUPINGS_SEP; INDEX_ON; DIRECTED_JOINS; QUERY_HINT_SEP; IS_BOOL_ALLOWED; DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET; LIMIT_IS_TOP; RETURNING_END; EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES; TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE; VALUES_AS_TABLE; ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD; UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY; SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE; COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE; SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY; TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS; TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS; TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD; HISTORICAL_DATA_POST_ALIAS; COLLATE_IS_FUNC; DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED; ENSURE_BOOLS; CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED; SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT; LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART; SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS; SUPPORTS_NAMED_CTE_COLUMNS; UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS; PIVOT_ALIAS_WITH_AS; JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP; INSERT_OVERWRITE; SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE; SUPPORTS_MODIFY_COLUMN; SUPPORTS_CHANGE_COLUMN; JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED; JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE; JSON_PATH_KEY_QUOTED_FORCES_BRACKETS; SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER; SET_OP_MODIFIERS; COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED; COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED; SUPPORTS_UESCAPE; UNICODE_SUBSTITUTE; STAR_EXCEPT; HEX_FUNC; WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX; QUOTE_JSON_PATH; PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED; SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS; SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE; SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS; ALTER_SET_WRAPPED; NORMALIZE_EXTRACT_DATE_PARTS; PARSE_JSON_NAME; ARRAY_SIZE_NAME; ALTER_SET_TYPE; SUPPORTS_LIKE_QUANTIFIERS; MATCH_AGAINST_TABLE_PREFIX; SET_ASSIGNMENT_REQUIRES_VARIABLE_KEYWORD; DECLARE_DEFAULT_ASSIGNMENT; UPDATE_STATEMENT_SUPPORTS_FROM; STAR_EXCLUDE_REQUIRES_DERIVED_TABLE; SUPPORTS_DROP_ALTER_ICEBERG_PROPERTY; UNSUPPORTED_TYPES; TYPE_PARAM_SETTINGS; TIME_PART_SINGULARS; TOKEN_MAPPING; STRUCT_DELIMITER; EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES; RESERVED_KEYWORDS; WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS; EXCLUDE_COMMENTS; UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES; PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES; EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES; RESPECT_IGNORE_NULLS_UNSUPPORTED_EXPRESSIONS; SAFE_JSON_PATH_KEY_RE; SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK; pretty; identify; normalize; pad; unsupported_level; max_unsupported; leading_comma; max_text_width; comments; dialect; normalize_functions; unsupported_messages; generate; preprocess; unsupported; sep; seg; sanitize_comment; maybe_comment; wrap; no_identify; normalize_func; indent; sql; uncache_sql; cache_sql; characterset_sql; column_parts; column_sql; pseudocolumn_sql; columnposition_sql; columnconstraint_sql; autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql; compresscolumnconstraint_sql; generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql; generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql; periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql; notnullcolumnconstraint_sql; primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql; uniquecolumnconstraint_sql; inoutcolumnconstraint_sql; createable_sql; 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