sqlglot.generators.tsql

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3from functools import reduce
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, generator, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    any_value_to_max_sql,
  8    date_delta_sql,
  9    datestrtodate_sql,
 10    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 11    max_or_greatest,
 12    min_or_least,
 13    rename_func,
 14    strposition_sql,
 15    timestrtotime_sql,
 16    trim_sql,
 17)
 18from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
 19from sqlglot.parsers.tsql import OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL
 20from sqlglot.time import format_time
 21from collections import defaultdict
 22
 23DATE_PART_UNMAPPING = {
 24    "WEEKISO": "ISO_WEEK",
 25    "DAYOFWEEK": "WEEKDAY",
 26    "TIMEZONE_MINUTE": "TZOFFSET",
 27}
 28
 29BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias}
 30
 31
 32def _format_sql(self: TSQLGenerator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
 33    fmt = expression.args["format"]
 34
 35    if not isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr):
 36        if fmt.is_string:
 37            from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL
 38
 39            mapped_fmt = format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
 40            fmt_sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(mapped_fmt))
 41        else:
 42            fmt_sql = self.format_time(expression) or self.sql(fmt)
 43    else:
 44        fmt_sql = self.sql(fmt)
 45
 46    return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt_sql, expression.args.get("culture"))
 47
 48
 49def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQLGenerator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
 50    this = expression.this
 51    distinct = expression.find(exp.Distinct)
 52    if distinct:
 53        # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression
 54        self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.")
 55        this = distinct.pop().expressions[0]
 56
 57    order = ""
 58    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order):
 59        if expression.this.this:
 60            this = expression.this.this.pop()
 61        # Order has a leading space
 62        order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})"
 63
 64    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
 65    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}"
 66
 67
 68def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expr) -> exp.Expr:
 69    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
 70    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 71
 72    if (
 73        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
 74        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
 75        and not alias.columns
 76    ):
 77        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
 78
 79        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
 80        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
 81        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
 82        query = expression.this
 83        unaliased_column_indexes = (
 84            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
 85        )
 86
 87        qualify_outputs(query)
 88
 89        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
 90        query_selects = query.selects
 91        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
 92            alias = query_selects[select_index]
 93            column = alias.this
 94            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
 95                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
 96
 97    return expression
 98
 99
100def _json_extract_sql(
101    self: TSQLGenerator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONExtractScalar
102) -> str:
103    json_query = self.func("JSON_QUERY", expression.this, expression.expression)
104    json_value = self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression)
105    return self.func("ISNULL", json_query, json_value)
106
107
108def _timestrtotime_sql(self: TSQLGenerator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime):
109    sql = timestrtotime_sql(self, expression)
110    if expression.args.get("zone"):
111        # If there is a timezone, produce an expression like:
112        # CAST('2020-01-01 12:13:14-08:00' AS DATETIMEOFFSET) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'
113        # If you dont have AT TIME ZONE 'UTC', wrapping that expression in another cast back to DATETIME2 just drops the timezone information
114        return self.sql(exp.AtTimeZone(this=sql, zone=exp.Literal.string("UTC")))
115    return sql
116
117
118class TSQLGenerator(generator.Generator):
119    SELECT_KINDS: tuple[str, ...] = ()
120    TRY_SUPPORTED = False
121    SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
122    SUPPORTS_DECODE_CASE = False
123
124    AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = generator.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS
125
126    LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
127    QUERY_HINTS = False
128    RETURNING_END = False
129    NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
130    ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
131    LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
132    COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
133    CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
134    ENSURE_BOOLS = True
135    NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: bool | None = None
136    SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
137    TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
138    SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
139    JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
140    SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
141    SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
142    COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
143    PARSE_JSON_NAME: str | None = None
144    EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
145    ALTER_SET_WRAPPED = True
146    ALTER_SET_TYPE = ""
147
148    EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
149        exp.Create,
150        exp.Delete,
151        exp.Insert,
152        exp.Intersect,
153        exp.Except,
154        exp.Merge,
155        exp.Select,
156        exp.Subquery,
157        exp.Union,
158        exp.Update,
159    }
160
161    SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
162        exp.JSONPathKey,
163        exp.JSONPathRoot,
164        exp.JSONPathSubscript,
165    }
166
167    TYPE_MAPPING = {
168        **{
169            k: v
170            for k, v in generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING.items()
171            if k not in (exp.DType.NCHAR, exp.DType.NVARCHAR)
172        },
173        exp.DType.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
174        exp.DType.DATETIME2: "DATETIME2",
175        exp.DType.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
176        exp.DType.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
177        exp.DType.INT: "INTEGER",
178        exp.DType.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
179        exp.DType.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
180        exp.DType.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
181        exp.DType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "DATETIME2",
182        exp.DType.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
183        exp.DType.SMALLDATETIME: "SMALLDATETIME",
184        exp.DType.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
185        exp.DType.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
186        exp.DType.UUID: "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER",
187    }
188
189    TRANSFORMS = {
190        **{k: v for k, v in generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS.items() if k != exp.ReturnsProperty},
191        exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
192        exp.Atan2: rename_func("ATN2"),
193        exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
194        exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
195        exp.Ceil: rename_func("CEILING"),
196        exp.Chr: rename_func("CHAR"),
197        exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
198        exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
199        exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
200        exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
201        exp.CurrentTimestampLTZ: rename_func("SYSDATETIMEOFFSET"),
202        exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
203        exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
204        exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
205        exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
206        exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
207        exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
208        exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
209        exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
210        exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
211        exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
212        exp.Min: min_or_least,
213        exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
214        exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
215        exp.CurrentSchema: rename_func("SCHEMA_NAME"),
216        exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
217            [
218                transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
219                transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
220                transforms.eliminate_qualify,
221                transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
222            ]
223        ),
224        exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
225        exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(
226            self, e, func_name="CHARINDEX", supports_position=True
227        ),
228        exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
229        exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
230        exp.SHA1Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
231        exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
232            "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
233        ),
234        exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
235        exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
236        exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
237        exp.Trim: trim_sql,
238        exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
239        exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
240        exp.TimestampTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATETRUNC", e.unit, e.this),
241        exp.Trunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
242            "ROUND",
243            e.this,
244            e.args.get("decimals") or exp.Literal.number(0),
245            exp.Literal.number(1),
246        ),
247        exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "NEWID()",
248        exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATEFROMPARTS"),
249    }
250
251    PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
252        **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
253        exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
254    }
255
256    def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
257        return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
258
259    def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
260        limit = expression.args.get("limit")
261        offset = expression.args.get("offset")
262
263        if isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch) and not offset:
264            # Dialects like Oracle can FETCH directly from a row set but
265            # T-SQL requires an ORDER BY + OFFSET clause in order to FETCH
266            offset = exp.Offset(expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
267            expression.set("offset", offset)
268
269        if offset:
270            if not expression.args.get("order"):
271                # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
272                # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
273                # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
274                expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
275
276            if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
277                # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
278                # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
279                limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
280
281        return super().select_sql(expression)
282
283    def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
284        name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
285        return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style"))
286
287    def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
288        option = self.sql(expression, "this")
289        value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
290        if value:
291            optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
292            return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
293        return option
294
295    def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
296        cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
297        if cross_apply is True:
298            return "CROSS APPLY"
299        if cross_apply is False:
300            return "OUTER APPLY"
301
302        # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
303        self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
304        return "LATERAL"
305
306    def splitpart_sql(self, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
307        this = expression.this
308        split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
309        delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
310        part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
311
312        if (
313            not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
314            or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
315            or not part_index
316            or split_count > 4
317        ):
318            self.unsupported(
319                "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
320            )
321            return ""
322
323        return self.func(
324            "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
325        )
326
327    def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str:
328        part = expression.this
329        name = DATE_PART_UNMAPPING.get(part.name.upper()) or part
330
331        return self.func("DATEPART", name, expression.expression)
332
333    def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
334        nano = expression.args.get("nano")
335        if nano is not None:
336            nano.pop()
337            self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
338
339        if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
340            expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
341        if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
342            expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
343
344        return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
345
346    def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
347        zone = expression.args.get("zone")
348        if zone is not None:
349            zone.pop()
350            self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
351
352        nano = expression.args.get("nano")
353        if nano is not None:
354            nano.pop()
355            self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
356
357        if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
358            expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
359
360        return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
361
362    def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
363        this = expression.this
364        if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
365            # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
366            return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
367
368        return super().setitem_sql(expression)
369
370    def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
371        if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
372            expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
373        ):
374            return "1" if expression.this else "0"
375
376        return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
377
378    def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
379        if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
380            return self.binary(expression, "=")
381        return self.binary(expression, "IS")
382
383    def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: defaultdict) -> str:
384        sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
385        properties = expression.args.get("properties")
386
387        if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
388            isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
389            for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
390        ):
391            sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
392
393        return sql
394
395    def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
396        kind = expression.kind
397        exists = expression.args.get("exists")
398        expression.set("exists", None)
399
400        like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
401        if like_property:
402            ctas_expression = like_property.this
403        else:
404            ctas_expression = expression.expression
405
406        if kind == "VIEW":
407            expression.this.set("catalog", None)
408            with_ = expression.args.get("with_")
409            if ctas_expression and with_:
410                # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
411                # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
412                # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
413                ctas_expression.set("with_", with_.pop())
414
415        table = expression.find(exp.Table)
416
417        # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
418        if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
419            if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
420                ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
421
422            properties = expression.args.get("properties") or exp.Properties()
423            is_temp = any(isinstance(p, exp.TemporaryProperty) for p in properties.expressions)
424
425            select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
426            select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table, temporary=is_temp))
427
428            if like_property:
429                select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
430
431            sql = self.sql(select_into)
432        else:
433            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
434
435        if exists:
436            identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
437            sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
438            sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
439            if kind == "SCHEMA":
440                return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
441            elif kind == "TABLE":
442                assert table
443                where = exp.and_(
444                    exp.column("TABLE_NAME").eq(table.name),
445                    exp.column("TABLE_SCHEMA").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
446                    exp.column("TABLE_CATALOG").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
447                )
448                return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
449            elif kind == "INDEX":
450                index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
451                return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
452        elif expression.args.get("replace"):
453            sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
454
455        return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
456
457    @generator.unsupported_args("unlogged", "expressions")
458    def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str:
459        if expression.args.get("temporary"):
460            # If the Into expression has a temporary property, push this down to the Identifier
461            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
462            if table and isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier):
463                table.this.set("temporary", True)
464
465        return f"{self.seg('INTO')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
466
467    def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
468        func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
469        return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
470
471    def datediff_sql(self, expression: exp.DateDiff) -> str:
472        func_name = "DATEDIFF_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "DATEDIFF"
473        return date_delta_sql(func_name)(self, expression)
474
475    def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
476        return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
477
478    def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
479        name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
480        this = f"FOR {name}"
481        expr = expression.expression
482        kind = expression.text("kind")
483        if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
484            args = expr.expressions
485            sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
486            expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
487        else:
488            expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
489
490        expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
491        return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
492
493    def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
494        table = expression.args.get("table")
495        table = f"{table} " if table else ""
496        return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
497
498    def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
499        into = self.sql(expression, "into")
500        into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
501        return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
502
503    def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
504        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
505        this = f" {this}" if this else ""
506        mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
507        mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
508        return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
509
510    def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
511        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
512        this = f" {this}" if this else ""
513        durability = expression.args.get("durability")
514        durability = (
515            f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
516            if durability is not None
517            else ""
518        )
519        return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
520
521    def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
522        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
523        this = f" {this}" if this else ""
524        return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
525
526    def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
527        identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
528
529        if expression.args.get("global_"):
530            identifier = f"##{identifier}"
531        elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
532            identifier = f"#{identifier}"
533
534        return identifier
535
536    def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
537        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
538        expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
539        return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
540
541    def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
542        return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
543
544    def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
545        return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
546
547    def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
548        return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
549
550    def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expr, name: str) -> str:
551        this = expression.this
552        if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DType.TEXT):
553            this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
554        else:
555            this_sql = self.sql(this)
556        expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
557        return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
558
559    def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
560        return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
561
562    def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
563        action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
564        if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
565            return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
566        return super().alter_sql(expression)
567
568    def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
569        if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
570            expression.this.set("catalog", None)
571        return super().drop_sql(expression)
572
573    def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expr) -> str:
574        options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
575        return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
576
577    def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
578        return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten()))
579
580    def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
581        return f"(PATINDEX(CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), 0x255b5e002d7f5d25) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, {self.sql(expression.this)}) = 0)"
582
583    def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
584        this = super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
585        default = self.sql(expression, "default")
586        default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
587        output = self.sql(expression, "output")
588        output = f" {output}" if output else ""
589        return f"{this}{default}{output}"
590
591    def coalesce_sql(self, expression: exp.Coalesce) -> str:
592        func_name = "ISNULL" if expression.args.get("is_null") else "COALESCE"
593        return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
594
595    def storedprocedure_sql(self, expression: exp.StoredProcedure) -> str:
596        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
597        expressions = self.expressions(expression)
598        expressions = (
599            self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}"
600        )
601        return f"{this}{expressions}" if expressions.strip() != "" else this
602
603    def ifblock_sql(self, expression: exp.IfBlock) -> str:
604        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
605        true = self.sql(expression, "true")
606        true = f" {true}" if true else " "
607        false = self.sql(expression, "false")
608        false = f"; ELSE BEGIN {false}" if false else ""
609        return f"IF {this} BEGIN{true}{false}"
610
611    def whileblock_sql(self, expression: exp.WhileBlock) -> str:
612        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
613        body = self.sql(expression, "body")
614        body = f" {body}" if body else " "
615        return f"WHILE {this} BEGIN{body}"
616
617    def execute_sql(self, expression: exp.Execute) -> str:
618        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
619        expressions = self.expressions(expression)
620        expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
621        return f"EXECUTE {this}{expressions}"
622
623    def executesql_sql(self, expression: exp.ExecuteSql) -> str:
624        return self.execute_sql(expression)