sqlglot.generators.tsql

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3from functools import reduce
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, generator, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    any_value_to_max_sql,
  8    date_delta_sql,
  9    datestrtodate_sql,
 10    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 11    max_or_greatest,
 12    min_or_least,
 13    remove_ts_or_ds_to_date,
 14    rename_func,
 15    strposition_sql,
 16    timestrtotime_sql,
 17    trim_sql,
 18)
 19from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
 20from sqlglot.optimizer.scope import find_in_scope
 21from sqlglot.parsers.tsql import OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL
 22from sqlglot.time import format_time
 23from collections import defaultdict
 24
 25DATE_PART_UNMAPPING = {
 26    "WEEKISO": "ISO_WEEK",
 27    "DAYOFWEEK": "WEEKDAY",
 28    "TIMEZONE_MINUTE": "TZOFFSET",
 29}
 30
 31BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias}
 32
 33SET_OP_MODIFIERS = ("limit", "offset", "order", "for_", "options")
 34
 35
 36def _format_sql(self: TSQLGenerator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
 37    fmt = expression.args["format"]
 38
 39    if not isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr):
 40        if fmt.is_string:
 41            from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL
 42
 43            mapped_fmt = format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
 44            fmt_sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(mapped_fmt))
 45        else:
 46            fmt_sql = self.format_time(expression) or self.sql(fmt)
 47    else:
 48        fmt_sql = self.sql(fmt)
 49
 50    return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt_sql, expression.args.get("culture"))
 51
 52
 53def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQLGenerator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
 54    this = expression.this
 55    distinct = find_in_scope(expression, exp.Distinct)
 56    if distinct:
 57        # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression
 58        self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.")
 59        this = distinct.pop().expressions[0]
 60
 61    order = ""
 62    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order):
 63        if expression.this.this:
 64            this = expression.this.this.pop()
 65        # Order has a leading space
 66        order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})"
 67
 68    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
 69    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}"
 70
 71
 72def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expr) -> exp.Expr:
 73    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
 74    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 75
 76    if (
 77        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
 78        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
 79        and not alias.columns
 80    ):
 81        from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL
 82        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
 83
 84        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
 85        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
 86        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
 87        query = expression.this
 88        unaliased_column_indexes = (
 89            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
 90        )
 91
 92        qualify_outputs(query, dialect=TSQL())
 93
 94        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
 95        query_selects = query.selects
 96        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
 97            alias = query_selects[select_index]
 98            column = alias.this
 99            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
100                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
101
102    return expression
103
104
105def _json_extract_sql(
106    self: TSQLGenerator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONExtractScalar
107) -> str:
108    # JSON_QUERY returns objects and arrays, JSON_VALUE returns scalars. A scalar-only
109    # extraction maps to JSON_VALUE; a source that also returns non-scalar values as
110    # text (e.g. SQLite's ->>) needs to try both, like a generic JSONExtract does
111    if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONExtractScalar) and expression.args.get("scalar_only"):
112        return self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression)
113
114    json_query = self.func("JSON_QUERY", expression.this, expression.expression)
115    if expression.args.get("json_query"):
116        return json_query
117
118    json_value = self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression)
119    return self.func("ISNULL", json_query, json_value)
120
121
122def _timestrtotime_sql(self: TSQLGenerator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime):
123    sql = timestrtotime_sql(self, expression)
124    if expression.args.get("zone"):
125        # If there is a timezone, produce an expression like:
126        # CAST('2020-01-01 12:13:14-08:00' AS DATETIMEOFFSET) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'
127        # If you dont have AT TIME ZONE 'UTC', wrapping that expression in another cast back to DATETIME2 just drops the timezone information
128        return self.sql(exp.AtTimeZone(this=sql, zone=exp.Literal.string("UTC")))
129    return sql
130
131
132class TSQLGenerator(generator.Generator):
133    SELECT_KINDS: tuple[str, ...] = ()
134    TRY_SUPPORTED = False
135    SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
136    SUPPORTS_DECODE_CASE = False
137
138    AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = generator.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS
139
140    LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
141    SET_OP_LIMITS = True
142    QUERY_HINTS = False
143    RETURNING_END = False
144    NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
145    ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
146    LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
147    COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
148    CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
149    ENSURE_BOOLS = True
150    NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: bool | None = None
151    SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
152    TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
153    SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
154    JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
155    SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
156    COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
157    PARSE_JSON_NAME: str | None = None
158    EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
159    ALTER_SET_WRAPPED = True
160    ALTER_SET_TYPE = ""
161    SUPPORTS_ALTER_COLUMN_NULLABILITY = True
162
163    EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
164        exp.Create,
165        exp.Delete,
166        exp.Insert,
167        exp.Intersect,
168        exp.Except,
169        exp.Merge,
170        exp.Select,
171        exp.Subquery,
172        exp.Union,
173        exp.Update,
174    }
175
176    SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
177        exp.JSONPathKey,
178        exp.JSONPathRoot,
179        exp.JSONPathSubscript,
180    }
181
182    TYPE_MAPPING = {
183        **{
184            k: v
185            for k, v in generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING.items()
186            if k not in (exp.DType.NCHAR, exp.DType.NVARCHAR)
187        },
188        exp.DType.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
189        exp.DType.DATETIME2: "DATETIME2",
190        exp.DType.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
191        exp.DType.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
192        exp.DType.INT: "INTEGER",
193        exp.DType.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
194        exp.DType.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
195        exp.DType.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
196        exp.DType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "DATETIME2",
197        exp.DType.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
198        exp.DType.SMALLDATETIME: "SMALLDATETIME",
199        exp.DType.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
200        exp.DType.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
201        exp.DType.UUID: "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER",
202    }
203
204    TRANSFORMS = {
205        **{k: v for k, v in generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS.items() if k != exp.ReturnsProperty},
206        exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
207        exp.Atan2: rename_func("ATN2"),
208        exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
209        exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
210        exp.Ceil: rename_func("CEILING"),
211        exp.Chr: rename_func("CHAR"),
212        exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
213        exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
214        exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
215        exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
216        exp.CurrentTimestampLTZ: rename_func("SYSDATETIMEOFFSET"),
217        exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
218        exp.Day: remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(),
219        exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
220        exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
221        exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
222        exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
223        exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
224        exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
225        exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
226        exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
227        exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
228        exp.Min: min_or_least,
229        exp.Month: remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(),
230        exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
231        exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
232        exp.CurrentSchema: rename_func("SCHEMA_NAME"),
233        exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
234            [
235                transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
236                transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
237                transforms.eliminate_qualify,
238                transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
239            ]
240        ),
241        exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
242        exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(
243            self, e, func_name="CHARINDEX", supports_position=True
244        ),
245        exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
246        exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
247        exp.SHA1Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
248        exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
249            "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
250        ),
251        exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
252        exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
253        exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
254        exp.TimestampAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
255        exp.Trim: trim_sql,
256        exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
257        exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
258        exp.TimestampTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATETRUNC", e.unit, e.this),
259        exp.Trunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
260            "ROUND",
261            e.this,
262            e.args.get("decimals") or exp.Literal.number(0),
263            exp.Literal.number(1),
264        ),
265        exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "NEWID()",
266        exp.Year: remove_ts_or_ds_to_date(),
267        exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATEFROMPARTS"),
268    }
269
270    PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
271        **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
272        exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
273    }
274
275    def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
276        return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
277
278    def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
279        self._prepare_limit_offset(expression)
280
281        # Handles transpiling a query like the following to T-SQL:
282        #   SELECT 1 AS x ORDER BY x NULLS FIRST FETCH FIRST 1 ROWS ONLY UNION ALL SELECT 2 AS x
283        if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.SetOperation) and isinstance(
284            expression.args.get("limit"), exp.Fetch
285        ):
286            return self.sql(
287                exp.select("*").from_(expression.subquery("_l_0", copy=False), copy=False)
288            )
289
290        return super().select_sql(expression)
291
292    def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str:
293        limit = expression.args.get("limit")
294        offset = expression.args.get("offset")
295        order = expression.args.get("order")
296
297        # Set operations cannot order by the CASE used to emulate null ordering,
298        # or by expressions that aren't in their select list.
299        wrap_order = False
300        if order:
301            selects = {select.unalias().unnest() for select in expression.selects}
302            for ordered in order.expressions:
303                this = ordered.this.unnest()
304                if this.is_int:
305                    continue
306
307                desc = ordered.args.get("desc")
308                nulls_first = ordered.args.get("nulls_first")
309
310                emulate_null_ordering = (desc and nulls_first) or (not desc and not nulls_first)
311                if emulate_null_ordering or (
312                    not isinstance(this, exp.Column) and this not in selects
313                ):
314                    wrap_order = True
315                    break
316
317        if (
318            wrap_order
319            or (isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and not offset)
320            or (not order and (offset or isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch)))
321        ):
322            select = self._move_ctes_to_top_level(
323                exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False)
324            )
325            for arg in SET_OP_MODIFIERS:
326                value = expression.args.get(arg)
327                if value:
328                    expression.set(arg, None)
329                    select.set(arg, value)
330
331            return self.sql(select)
332
333        self._prepare_limit_offset(expression)
334        return super().set_operations(expression)
335
336    def _prepare_limit_offset(self, expression: exp.Query) -> None:
337        limit = expression.args.get("limit")
338        offset = expression.args.get("offset")
339
340        if isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch) and not offset:
341            # Dialects like Oracle can FETCH directly from a row set but
342            # T-SQL requires an ORDER BY + OFFSET clause in order to FETCH
343            offset = exp.Offset(expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
344            expression.set("offset", offset)
345
346        if offset:
347            if not expression.args.get("order"):
348                # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
349                # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
350                # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
351                expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
352
353            if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
354                # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
355                # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
356                limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
357
358    def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
359        name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
360        return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style"))
361
362    def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
363        option = self.sql(expression, "this")
364        value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
365        if value:
366            optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
367            return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
368        return option
369
370    def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
371        cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
372        if cross_apply is True:
373            return "CROSS APPLY"
374        if cross_apply is False:
375            return "OUTER APPLY"
376
377        # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
378        self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
379        return "LATERAL"
380
381    def splitpart_sql(self, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
382        this = expression.this
383        split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
384        delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
385        part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
386
387        if (
388            not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
389            or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
390            or not part_index
391            or split_count > 4
392        ):
393            self.unsupported(
394                "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
395            )
396            return ""
397
398        return self.func(
399            "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
400        )
401
402    def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str:
403        part = expression.this
404        name = DATE_PART_UNMAPPING.get(part.name.upper()) or part
405
406        return self.func("DATEPART", name, expression.expression)
407
408    def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
409        nano = expression.args.get("nano")
410        if nano is not None:
411            nano.pop()
412            self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
413
414        if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
415            expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
416        if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
417            expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
418
419        return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
420
421    def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
422        zone = expression.args.get("zone")
423        if zone is not None:
424            zone.pop()
425            self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
426
427        nano = expression.args.get("nano")
428        if nano is not None:
429            nano.pop()
430            self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
431
432        if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
433            expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
434
435        return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
436
437    def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
438        this = expression.this
439        if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
440            # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
441            return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
442
443        return super().setitem_sql(expression)
444
445    def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
446        if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
447            expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
448        ):
449            return "1" if expression.this else "0"
450
451        return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
452
453    def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
454        negate = expression.args.get("negate")
455        if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
456            return self.binary(expression, "<>" if negate else "=")
457        return self.binary(expression, "IS NOT" if negate else "IS")
458
459    def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: defaultdict) -> str:
460        sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
461        properties = expression.args.get("properties")
462
463        start = self._identifier_start
464        if (
465            not sql.startswith("#")
466            and not sql.startswith(f"{start}#")
467            and any(
468                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
469                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
470            )
471        ):
472            sql = f"{start}#{sql[len(start) :]}" if sql.startswith(start) else f"#{sql}"
473
474        return sql
475
476    def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
477        kind = expression.kind
478        exists = expression.args.get("exists")
479        expression.set("exists", None)
480
481        like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
482        if like_property:
483            ctas_expression = like_property.this
484        else:
485            ctas_expression = expression.expression
486
487        if kind == "VIEW":
488            expression.this.set("catalog", None)
489            with_ = expression.args.get("with_")
490            if ctas_expression and with_:
491                # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
492                # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
493                # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
494                ctas_expression.set("with_", with_.pop())
495        elif (
496            kind == "FUNCTION"
497            and isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.Return)
498            and isinstance(body := ctas_expression.this.unnest(), exp.Query)
499            and (with_ := expression.args.get("with_"))
500        ):
501            # Similar to the VIEW branch, the table-valued functions require the WITH clause
502            # to stay inside the RETURN body, so we move back any CTEs that were bubbled up.
503            body.set("with_", with_.pop())
504
505        table = expression.find(exp.Table)
506
507        # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
508        if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
509            if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
510                ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
511
512            properties = expression.args.get("properties") or exp.Properties()
513            is_temp = any(isinstance(p, exp.TemporaryProperty) for p in properties.expressions)
514
515            select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
516            select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table, temporary=is_temp))
517
518            if like_property:
519                select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
520
521            sql = self.sql(select_into)
522        else:
523            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
524
525        if exists:
526            identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
527            sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
528            sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
529            if kind == "SCHEMA":
530                return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
531            elif kind == "TABLE":
532                assert table
533                where = exp.and_(
534                    exp.column("TABLE_NAME").eq(table.name),
535                    exp.column("TABLE_SCHEMA").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
536                    exp.column("TABLE_CATALOG").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
537                )
538                return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
539            elif kind == "INDEX":
540                index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
541                return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
542        elif expression.args.get("replace"):
543            sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
544
545        return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
546
547    @generator.unsupported_args("unlogged", "expressions")
548    def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str:
549        if expression.args.get("temporary"):
550            # If the Into expression has a temporary property, push this down to the Identifier
551            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
552            if table and isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier):
553                table.this.set("temporary", True)
554
555        return f"{self.seg('INTO')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
556
557    def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
558        func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
559        return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
560
561    def datediff_sql(self, expression: exp.DateDiff) -> str:
562        func_name = "DATEDIFF_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "DATEDIFF"
563        return date_delta_sql(func_name)(self, expression)
564
565    def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
566        return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
567
568    def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
569        name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
570        this = f"FOR {name}"
571        expr = expression.expression
572        kind = expression.text("kind")
573        if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
574            args = expr.expressions
575            sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
576            expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
577        else:
578            expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
579
580        expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
581        return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
582
583    def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
584        table = expression.args.get("table")
585        table = f"{table} " if table else ""
586        return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
587
588    def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
589        into = self.sql(expression, "into")
590        into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
591        return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
592
593    def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
594        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
595        this = f" {this}" if this else ""
596        mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
597        mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
598        return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
599
600    def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
601        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
602        this = f" {this}" if this else ""
603        durability = expression.args.get("durability")
604        durability = (
605            f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
606            if durability is not None
607            else ""
608        )
609        return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
610
611    def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
612        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
613        this = f" {this}" if this else ""
614        return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
615
616    def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
617        identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
618
619        if expression.args.get("global_"):
620            prefix = "##"
621        elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
622            prefix = "#"
623        else:
624            return identifier
625
626        start = self._identifier_start
627        if expression.quoted and identifier.startswith(start):
628            return f"{start}{prefix}{identifier[len(start) :]}"
629
630        return f"{prefix}{identifier}"
631
632    def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
633        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
634        expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
635        return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
636
637    def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
638        return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
639
640    def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
641        return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
642
643    def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
644        return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
645
646    def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expr, name: str) -> str:
647        this = expression.this
648        if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DType.TEXT):
649            this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
650        else:
651            this_sql = self.sql(this)
652        expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
653        return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
654
655    def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
656        return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
657
658    def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
659        action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
660        if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
661            return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
662        return super().alter_sql(expression)
663
664    def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
665        if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
666            for table in expression.args.get("tables") or []:
667                table.set("catalog", None)
668        return super().drop_sql(expression)
669
670    def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expr) -> str:
671        options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
672        return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
673
674    def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
675        return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten()))
676
677    def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
678        return f"(PATINDEX(CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), 0x255b5e002d7f5d25) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, {self.sql(expression.this)}) = 0)"
679
680    def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
681        this = super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
682        default = self.sql(expression, "default")
683        default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
684        output = self.sql(expression, "output")
685        output = f" {output}" if output else ""
686        return f"{this}{default}{output}"
687
688    def coalesce_sql(self, expression: exp.Coalesce) -> str:
689        func_name = "ISNULL" if expression.args.get("is_null") else "COALESCE"
690        return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
691
692    def storedprocedure_sql(self, expression: exp.StoredProcedure) -> str:
693        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
694        expressions = self.expressions(expression)
695        expressions = (
696            self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}"
697        )
698        return f"{this}{expressions}" if expressions.strip() != "" else this
699
700    def ifblock_sql(self, expression: exp.IfBlock) -> str:
701        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
702        true = self.sql(expression, "true")
703        true = f" {true}" if true else " "
704        false = self.sql(expression, "false")
705        false = f"; ELSE BEGIN {false}" if false else ""
706        return f"IF {this} BEGIN{true}{false}"
707
708    def whileblock_sql(self, expression: exp.WhileBlock) -> str:
709        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
710        body = self.sql(expression, "body")
711        body = f" {body}" if body else " "
712        return f"WHILE {this} BEGIN{body}"
713
714    def execute_sql(self, expression: exp.Execute) -> str:
715        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
716        expressions = self.expressions(expression)
717        expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
718        return_status = self.sql(expression, "return_status")
719        return_status = f"{return_status} = " if return_status else ""
720        return f"EXECUTE {return_status}{this}{expressions}"
721
722    def executesql_sql(self, expression: exp.ExecuteSql) -> str:
723        return self.execute_sql(expression)