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sqlglot.dialects.redshift

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import typing as t
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    NormalizationStrategy,
  8    concat_to_dpipe_sql,
  9    concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
 10    date_delta_sql,
 11    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 12    json_extract_segments,
 13    no_tablesample_sql,
 14    rename_func,
 15    map_date_part,
 16)
 17from sqlglot.dialects.postgres import Postgres
 18from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
 19from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 20from sqlglot.parser import build_convert_timezone
 21
 22if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
 23    from sqlglot._typing import E
 24
 25
 26def _build_date_delta(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 27    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 28        expr = expr_type(
 29            this=seq_get(args, 2),
 30            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 31            unit=map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0)),
 32        )
 33        if expr_type is exp.TsOrDsAdd:
 34            expr.set("return_type", exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
 35
 36        return expr
 37
 38    return _builder
 39
 40
 41class Redshift(Postgres):
 42    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
 43    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 44
 45    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
 46    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
 47    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
 48    HEX_LOWERCASE = True
 49    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True
 50
 51    # ref: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_FORMAT_strings.html
 52    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
 53    TIME_MAPPING = {**Postgres.TIME_MAPPING, "MON": "%b", "HH24": "%H", "HH": "%I"}
 54
 55    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 56        FUNCTIONS = {
 57            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 58            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 59                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 60                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 61                unit=exp.var("month"),
 62                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 63            ),
 64            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
 65            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 66            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 67            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 68            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 69            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 70            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 71            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
 72                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
 73            ),
 74            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 75        }
 76
 77        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 78            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 79            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 80            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, sysdate=True),
 81        }
 82
 83        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 84
 85        def _parse_table(
 86            self,
 87            schema: bool = False,
 88            joins: bool = False,
 89            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 90            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 91            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 92            parse_partition: bool = False,
 93            consume_pipe: bool = False,
 94        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 95            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 96            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
 97            table = super()._parse_table(
 98                schema=schema,
 99                joins=joins,
100                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
101                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
102                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
103            )
104
105            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
106
107        def _parse_convert(
108            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
109        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
110            to = self._parse_types()
111            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
112            this = self._parse_bitwise()
113            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
114
115        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
116            index = self._index - 1
117            func = self._parse_function()
118
119            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
120                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
121            self._retreat(index)
122            return None
123
124    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
125        BIT_STRINGS = []
126        HEX_STRINGS = []
127        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
128
129        KEYWORDS = {
130            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
131            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
132            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
133            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
134            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
135            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
136            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
137            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
138            "BINARY VARYING": TokenType.VARBINARY,
139        }
140        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
141
142        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
143        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
144        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
145
146    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
147        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
148        QUERY_HINTS = False
149        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
150        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
151        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
152        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
153        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
154        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
155        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
156        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
157        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
158        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
159        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
160        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
161        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
162        ALTER_SET_TYPE = "TYPE"
163        SUPPORTS_DECODE_CASE = True
164        SUPPORTS_BETWEEN_FLAGS = False
165        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
166
167        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
168        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
169
170        TYPE_MAPPING = {
171            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
172            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
173            exp.DataType.Type.BLOB: "VARBYTE",
174            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
175            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
176            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
177            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
178            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
179        }
180
181        TRANSFORMS = {
182            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
183            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
184            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
185            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
186            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
187            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
188            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
189                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("sysdate") else "GETDATE()"
190            ),
191            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
192            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
193            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
194            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
195            exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self.explode_sql(e),
196            exp.FarmFingerprint: rename_func("FARMFINGERPRINT64"),
197            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
198            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
199            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
200            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
201            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
202            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
203            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
204                [
205                    transforms.eliminate_window_clause,
206                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
207                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
208                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
209                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
210                ]
211            ),
212            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
213            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
214            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
215            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
216            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
217            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
218            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
219            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
220            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: self._unix_to_time_sql(e),
221        }
222
223        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
224        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
225
226        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
227        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
228
229        # Redshift supports these functions
230        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
231        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
232        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
233
234        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
235            "aes128",
236            "aes256",
237            "all",
238            "allowoverwrite",
239            "analyse",
240            "analyze",
241            "and",
242            "any",
243            "array",
244            "as",
245            "asc",
246            "authorization",
247            "az64",
248            "backup",
249            "between",
250            "binary",
251            "blanksasnull",
252            "both",
253            "bytedict",
254            "bzip2",
255            "case",
256            "cast",
257            "check",
258            "collate",
259            "column",
260            "constraint",
261            "create",
262            "credentials",
263            "cross",
264            "current_date",
265            "current_time",
266            "current_timestamp",
267            "current_user",
268            "current_user_id",
269            "default",
270            "deferrable",
271            "deflate",
272            "defrag",
273            "delta",
274            "delta32k",
275            "desc",
276            "disable",
277            "distinct",
278            "do",
279            "else",
280            "emptyasnull",
281            "enable",
282            "encode",
283            "encrypt     ",
284            "encryption",
285            "end",
286            "except",
287            "explicit",
288            "false",
289            "for",
290            "foreign",
291            "freeze",
292            "from",
293            "full",
294            "globaldict256",
295            "globaldict64k",
296            "grant",
297            "group",
298            "gzip",
299            "having",
300            "identity",
301            "ignore",
302            "ilike",
303            "in",
304            "initially",
305            "inner",
306            "intersect",
307            "interval",
308            "into",
309            "is",
310            "isnull",
311            "join",
312            "leading",
313            "left",
314            "like",
315            "limit",
316            "localtime",
317            "localtimestamp",
318            "lun",
319            "luns",
320            "lzo",
321            "lzop",
322            "minus",
323            "mostly16",
324            "mostly32",
325            "mostly8",
326            "natural",
327            "new",
328            "not",
329            "notnull",
330            "null",
331            "nulls",
332            "off",
333            "offline",
334            "offset",
335            "oid",
336            "old",
337            "on",
338            "only",
339            "open",
340            "or",
341            "order",
342            "outer",
343            "overlaps",
344            "parallel",
345            "partition",
346            "percent",
347            "permissions",
348            "pivot",
349            "placing",
350            "primary",
351            "raw",
352            "readratio",
353            "recover",
354            "references",
355            "rejectlog",
356            "resort",
357            "respect",
358            "restore",
359            "right",
360            "select",
361            "session_user",
362            "similar",
363            "snapshot",
364            "some",
365            "sysdate",
366            "system",
367            "table",
368            "tag",
369            "tdes",
370            "text255",
371            "text32k",
372            "then",
373            "timestamp",
374            "to",
375            "top",
376            "trailing",
377            "true",
378            "truncatecolumns",
379            "type",
380            "union",
381            "unique",
382            "unnest",
383            "unpivot",
384            "user",
385            "using",
386            "verbose",
387            "wallet",
388            "when",
389            "where",
390            "with",
391            "without",
392        }
393
394        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
395            args = expression.expressions
396            num_args = len(args)
397
398            if num_args != 1:
399                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
400                return ""
401
402            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
403                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
404                return ""
405
406            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
407
408            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
409            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
410
411        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
412            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
413                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
414                return self.sql(expression, "this")
415
416            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
417
418        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
419            """
420            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
421            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
422            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
423            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
424            """
425            if expression.is_type("text"):
426                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
427                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
428
429                if not precision:
430                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
431
432            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
433
434        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
435            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
436            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
437            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
438            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
439            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
440            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
441
442            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
443
444        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
445            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
446                return super().array_sql(expression)
447
448            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
449
450        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
451            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
452            return ""
453
454        def _unix_to_time_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
455            scale = expression.args.get("scale")
456            this = self.sql(expression.this)
457
458            if scale is not None and scale != exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS and scale.is_int:
459                this = f"({this} / POWER(10, {scale.to_py()}))"
460
461            return f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {this} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')"
class Redshift(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres):
 42class Redshift(Postgres):
 43    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
 44    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 45
 46    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
 47    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
 48    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
 49    HEX_LOWERCASE = True
 50    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True
 51
 52    # ref: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_FORMAT_strings.html
 53    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
 54    TIME_MAPPING = {**Postgres.TIME_MAPPING, "MON": "%b", "HH24": "%H", "HH": "%I"}
 55
 56    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 57        FUNCTIONS = {
 58            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 59            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 60                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 61                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 62                unit=exp.var("month"),
 63                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 64            ),
 65            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
 66            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 67            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 68            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 69            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 70            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 71            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 72            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
 73                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
 74            ),
 75            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 76        }
 77
 78        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 79            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 80            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 81            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, sysdate=True),
 82        }
 83
 84        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 85
 86        def _parse_table(
 87            self,
 88            schema: bool = False,
 89            joins: bool = False,
 90            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 91            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 92            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 93            parse_partition: bool = False,
 94            consume_pipe: bool = False,
 95        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 96            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 97            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
 98            table = super()._parse_table(
 99                schema=schema,
100                joins=joins,
101                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
102                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
103                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
104            )
105
106            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
107
108        def _parse_convert(
109            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
110        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
111            to = self._parse_types()
112            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
113            this = self._parse_bitwise()
114            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
115
116        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
117            index = self._index - 1
118            func = self._parse_function()
119
120            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
121                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
122            self._retreat(index)
123            return None
124
125    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
126        BIT_STRINGS = []
127        HEX_STRINGS = []
128        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
129
130        KEYWORDS = {
131            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
132            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
133            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
134            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
135            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
136            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
137            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
138            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
139            "BINARY VARYING": TokenType.VARBINARY,
140        }
141        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
142
143        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
144        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
145        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
146
147    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
148        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
149        QUERY_HINTS = False
150        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
151        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
152        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
153        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
154        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
155        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
156        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
157        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
158        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
159        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
160        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
161        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
162        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
163        ALTER_SET_TYPE = "TYPE"
164        SUPPORTS_DECODE_CASE = True
165        SUPPORTS_BETWEEN_FLAGS = False
166        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
167
168        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
169        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
170
171        TYPE_MAPPING = {
172            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
173            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
174            exp.DataType.Type.BLOB: "VARBYTE",
175            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
176            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
177            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
178            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
179            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
180        }
181
182        TRANSFORMS = {
183            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
184            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
185            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
186            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
187            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
188            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
189            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
190                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("sysdate") else "GETDATE()"
191            ),
192            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
193            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
194            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
195            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
196            exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self.explode_sql(e),
197            exp.FarmFingerprint: rename_func("FARMFINGERPRINT64"),
198            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
199            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
200            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
201            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
202            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
203            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
204            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
205                [
206                    transforms.eliminate_window_clause,
207                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
208                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
209                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
210                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
211                ]
212            ),
213            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
214            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
215            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
216            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
217            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
218            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
219            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
220            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
221            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: self._unix_to_time_sql(e),
222        }
223
224        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
225        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
226
227        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
228        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
229
230        # Redshift supports these functions
231        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
232        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
233        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
234
235        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
236            "aes128",
237            "aes256",
238            "all",
239            "allowoverwrite",
240            "analyse",
241            "analyze",
242            "and",
243            "any",
244            "array",
245            "as",
246            "asc",
247            "authorization",
248            "az64",
249            "backup",
250            "between",
251            "binary",
252            "blanksasnull",
253            "both",
254            "bytedict",
255            "bzip2",
256            "case",
257            "cast",
258            "check",
259            "collate",
260            "column",
261            "constraint",
262            "create",
263            "credentials",
264            "cross",
265            "current_date",
266            "current_time",
267            "current_timestamp",
268            "current_user",
269            "current_user_id",
270            "default",
271            "deferrable",
272            "deflate",
273            "defrag",
274            "delta",
275            "delta32k",
276            "desc",
277            "disable",
278            "distinct",
279            "do",
280            "else",
281            "emptyasnull",
282            "enable",
283            "encode",
284            "encrypt     ",
285            "encryption",
286            "end",
287            "except",
288            "explicit",
289            "false",
290            "for",
291            "foreign",
292            "freeze",
293            "from",
294            "full",
295            "globaldict256",
296            "globaldict64k",
297            "grant",
298            "group",
299            "gzip",
300            "having",
301            "identity",
302            "ignore",
303            "ilike",
304            "in",
305            "initially",
306            "inner",
307            "intersect",
308            "interval",
309            "into",
310            "is",
311            "isnull",
312            "join",
313            "leading",
314            "left",
315            "like",
316            "limit",
317            "localtime",
318            "localtimestamp",
319            "lun",
320            "luns",
321            "lzo",
322            "lzop",
323            "minus",
324            "mostly16",
325            "mostly32",
326            "mostly8",
327            "natural",
328            "new",
329            "not",
330            "notnull",
331            "null",
332            "nulls",
333            "off",
334            "offline",
335            "offset",
336            "oid",
337            "old",
338            "on",
339            "only",
340            "open",
341            "or",
342            "order",
343            "outer",
344            "overlaps",
345            "parallel",
346            "partition",
347            "percent",
348            "permissions",
349            "pivot",
350            "placing",
351            "primary",
352            "raw",
353            "readratio",
354            "recover",
355            "references",
356            "rejectlog",
357            "resort",
358            "respect",
359            "restore",
360            "right",
361            "select",
362            "session_user",
363            "similar",
364            "snapshot",
365            "some",
366            "sysdate",
367            "system",
368            "table",
369            "tag",
370            "tdes",
371            "text255",
372            "text32k",
373            "then",
374            "timestamp",
375            "to",
376            "top",
377            "trailing",
378            "true",
379            "truncatecolumns",
380            "type",
381            "union",
382            "unique",
383            "unnest",
384            "unpivot",
385            "user",
386            "using",
387            "verbose",
388            "wallet",
389            "when",
390            "where",
391            "with",
392            "without",
393        }
394
395        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
396            args = expression.expressions
397            num_args = len(args)
398
399            if num_args != 1:
400                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
401                return ""
402
403            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
404                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
405                return ""
406
407            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
408
409            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
410            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
411
412        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
413            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
414                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
415                return self.sql(expression, "this")
416
417            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
418
419        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
420            """
421            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
422            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
423            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
424            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
425            """
426            if expression.is_type("text"):
427                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
428                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
429
430                if not precision:
431                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
432
433            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
434
435        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
436            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
437            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
438            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
439            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
440            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
441            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
442
443            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
444
445        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
446            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
447                return super().array_sql(expression)
448
449            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
450
451        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
452            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
453            return ""
454
455        def _unix_to_time_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
456            scale = expression.args.get("scale")
457            this = self.sql(expression.this)
458
459            if scale is not None and scale != exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS and scale.is_int:
460                this = f"({this} / POWER(10, {scale.to_py()}))"
461
462            return f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {this} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')"
NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

INDEX_OFFSET = 0

The base index offset for arrays.

COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False

Whether COPY statement parameters are separated by comma or whitespace

HEX_LOWERCASE = True

Whether the HEX function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string.

HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True

Whether the ARRAY constructor is context-sensitive, i.e in Redshift ARRAY[1, 2, 3] != ARRAY(1, 2, 3) as the former is of type INT[] vs the latter which is SUPER

TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'d': '%u', 'D': '%u', 'dd': '%d', 'DD': '%d', 'ddd': '%j', 'DDD': '%j', 'FMDD': '%-d', 'FMDDD': '%-j', 'FMHH12': '%-I', 'FMHH24': '%-H', 'FMMI': '%-M', 'FMMM': '%-m', 'FMSS': '%-S', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'mi': '%M', 'MI': '%M', 'mm': '%m', 'MM': '%m', 'OF': '%z', 'ss': '%S', 'SS': '%S', 'TMDay': '%A', 'TMDy': '%a', 'TMMon': '%b', 'TMMonth': '%B', 'TZ': '%Z', 'US': '%f', 'ww': '%U', 'WW': '%U', 'yy': '%y', 'YY': '%y', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'MON': '%b', 'HH': '%I'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python strftime formats.

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = True

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (\n) to its unescaped version ( ).

tokenizer_class = <class 'Redshift.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Redshift.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Redshift.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'d': {0: True, 'd': {0: True, 'd': {0: True}}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'm': {'i': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'w': {'w': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {0: True, 'y': {'y': {0: True}}}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'d': {0: True, 'd': {0: True, 'd': {0: True}}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'm': {'i': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'w': {'w': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {0: True, 'y': {'y': {0: True}}}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%u': 'D', '%d': 'DD', '%j': 'DDD', '%-d': 'FMDD', '%-j': 'FMDDD', '%-I': 'FMHH12', '%-H': 'FMHH24', '%-M': 'FMMI', '%-m': 'FMMM', '%-S': 'FMSS', '%I': 'HH', '%H': 'HH24', '%M': 'MI', '%m': 'MM', '%z': 'OF', '%S': 'SS', '%A': 'TMDay', '%a': 'TMDy', '%b': 'MON', '%B': 'TMMonth', '%Z': 'TZ', '%f': 'US', '%U': 'WW', '%y': 'YY', '%Y': 'YYYY'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'u': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'z': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'a': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'Z': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}, 'U': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v', '\\': '\\\\'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "e'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
class Redshift.Parser(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser):
 56    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 57        FUNCTIONS = {
 58            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 59            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 60                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 61                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 62                unit=exp.var("month"),
 63                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 64            ),
 65            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
 66            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 67            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 68            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 69            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 70            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 71            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 72            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
 73                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
 74            ),
 75            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 76        }
 77
 78        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 79            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 80            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 81            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, sysdate=True),
 82        }
 83
 84        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 85
 86        def _parse_table(
 87            self,
 88            schema: bool = False,
 89            joins: bool = False,
 90            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 91            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 92            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 93            parse_partition: bool = False,
 94            consume_pipe: bool = False,
 95        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 96            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 97            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
 98            table = super()._parse_table(
 99                schema=schema,
100                joins=joins,
101                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
102                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
103                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
104            )
105
106            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
107
108        def _parse_convert(
109            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
110        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
111            to = self._parse_types()
112            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
113            this = self._parse_bitwise()
114            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
115
116        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
117            index = self._index - 1
118            func = self._parse_function()
119
120            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
121                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
122            self._retreat(index)
123            return None

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
FUNCTIONS = {'AI_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AIAgg'>>, 'AI_CLASSIFY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AIClassify'>>, 'AI_SUMMARIZE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AISummarizeAgg'>>, 'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ACOS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Acos'>>, 'ACOSH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Acosh'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantiles'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopSum'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcatAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFirst'>>, 'ARRAY_INTERSECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayIntersect'>>, 'ARRAY_INTERSECTION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayIntersect'>>, 'ARRAY_LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayLast'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_REMOVE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayRemove'>>, 'ARRAY_REVERSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayReverse'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SLICE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySlice'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ascii'>>, 'ASIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Asin'>>, 'ASINH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Asinh'>>, 'ATAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Atan'>>, 'ATAN2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Atan2'>>, 'ATANH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Atanh'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'BITWISE_AND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAndAgg'>>, 'BITWISE_COUNT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseCountAgg'>>, 'BITWISE_OR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOrAgg'>>, 'BITWISE_XOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXorAgg'>>, 'BYTE_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ByteLength'>>, 'CASE': <bound method 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'COT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cot'>>, 'COTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coth'>>, 'COUNT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CSC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Csc'>>, 'CSCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Csch'>>, 'CUME_DIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CumeDist'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 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'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_APPEND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAppend'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayInsert'>>, 'JSONB_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>>, 'J_S_O_N_B_CONTAINS_ALL_TOP_KEYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContainsAllTopKeys'>>, 'J_S_O_N_B_CONTAINS_ANY_TOP_KEYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContainsAnyTopKeys'>>, 'J_S_O_N_B_DELETE_AT_PATH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBDeleteAtPath'>>, 'JSONB_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'J_S_O_N_B_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_BOOL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBool'>>, 'J_S_O_N_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONCast'>>, 'J_S_O_N_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function 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'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'M_D5_NUMBER_LOWER64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5NumberLower64'>>, 'M_D5_NUMBER_UPPER64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5NumberUpper64'>>, 'M_L_FORECAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MLForecast'>>, 'M_L_TRANSLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MLTranslate'>>, 'MAKE_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MEDIAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ntile'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>>, 'OVERLAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_BIGNUMERIC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseBignumeric'>>, 'PARSE_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseDatetime'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PARSE_NUMERIC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseNumeric'>>, 'PARSE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseTime'>>, 'PERCENT_RANK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentRank'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_BUCKET': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeBucket'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'RANK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rank'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_INSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpInstr'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function _build_regexp_replace>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Replace'>>, 'REVERSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reverse'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'S_H_A1_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA1Digest'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'S_H_A2_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2Digest'>>, 'SAFE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeAdd'>>, 'SAFE_CONVERT_BYTES_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeConvertBytesToString'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SAFE_MULTIPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeMultiply'>>, 'SAFE_NEGATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeNegate'>>, 'SAFE_SUBTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeSubtract'>>, 'SEC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sec'>>, 'SECH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sech'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sin'>>, 'SINH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sinh'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SOUNDEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Soundex'>>, 'SPACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Space'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'ST_DISTANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StDistance'>>, 'ST_POINT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StPoint'>>, 'ST_MAKEPOINT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StPoint'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRTOK_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTRING_INDEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SubstringIndex'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE32': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase32'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_CODE_POINTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToCodePoints'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRANSLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Translate'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'TYPEOF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Typeof'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNICODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_MICROS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixMicros'>>, 'UNIX_MILLIS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixMillis'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UTC_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcDate'>>, 'UTC_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcTime'>>, 'UTC_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcTimestamp'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VECTOR_SEARCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VectorSearch'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLElement'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRPOS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'CHARINDEX': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'LOCATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'BIT_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAndAgg'>>, 'BIT_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOrAgg'>>, 'BIT_XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXorAgg'>>, 'DIV': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'TO_DATE': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_to_timestamp>, 'SHA256': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA384': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA512': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL': <function _build_levenshtein_less_equal>, 'JSON_OBJECT_AGG': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSONB_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBObjectAgg'>>, 'DATEADD': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'GETDATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'LISTAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'SPLIT_TO_ARRAY': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRTOL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'APPROXIMATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSDATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.SEMANTIC_VIEW: 'SEMANTIC_VIEW'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.SESSION: 'SESSION'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHYPOINT: 'GEOGRAPHYPOINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.SEMANTIC_VIEW: 'SEMANTIC_VIEW'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.SESSION: 'SESSION'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHYPOINT: 'GEOGRAPHYPOINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ALTERABLES
ALIAS_TOKENS
COLON_PLACEHOLDER_TOKENS
ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
ASSIGNMENT
DISJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
TERM
FACTOR
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
JOIN_HINTS
LAMBDAS
CAST_COLUMN_OPERATORS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
STRING_PARSERS
NUMERIC_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
PIPE_SYNTAX_TRANSFORM_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
QUERY_MODIFIER_TOKENS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
TYPE_CONVERTERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
CONFLICT_ACTIONS
CREATE_SEQUENCE
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
USABLES
CAST_ACTIONS
SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
PROCEDURE_OPTIONS
EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
WINDOW_EXCLUDE_OPTIONS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
SELECT_START_TOKENS
COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
DESCRIBE_STYLES
ANALYZE_STYLES
ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS
PARTITION_KEYWORDS
AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS
OPERATION_MODIFIERS
RECURSIVE_CTE_SEARCH_KIND
MODIFIABLES
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
STRING_ALIASES
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
INTERVAL_SPANS
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE
ALTER_RENAME_REQUIRES_COLUMN
JOINS_HAVE_EQUAL_PRECEDENCE
ZONE_AWARE_TIMESTAMP_CONSTRUCTOR
MAP_KEYS_ARE_ARBITRARY_EXPRESSIONS
JSON_EXTRACT_REQUIRES_JSON_EXPRESSION
ADD_JOIN_ON_TRUE
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
parse_set_operation
build_cast
errors
sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser
PROPERTY_PARSERS
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION_PARSERS
BITWISE
EXPONENT
RANGE_PARSERS
STATEMENT_PARSERS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
COLUMN_OPERATORS
class Redshift.Tokenizer(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Tokenizer):
125    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
126        BIT_STRINGS = []
127        HEX_STRINGS = []
128        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
129
130        KEYWORDS = {
131            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
132            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
133            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
134            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
135            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
136            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
137            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
138            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
139            "BINARY VARYING": TokenType.VARBINARY,
140        }
141        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
142
143        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
144        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
145        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
BIT_STRINGS = []
HEX_STRINGS = []
STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\', "'"]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '|>': <TokenType.PIPE_GT: 'PIPE_GT'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_SCHEMA': <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NAMESPACE': <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SESSION': <TokenType.SESSION: 'SESSION'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT256': <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'UINT128': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'UINT256': <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHAR VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'REVOKE': <TokenType.REVOKE: 'REVOKE'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '~': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, '@@': <TokenType.DAT: 'DAT'>, '@>': <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>, '<@': <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>, '?&': <TokenType.QMARK_AMP: 'QMARK_AMP'>, '?|': <TokenType.QMARK_PIPE: 'QMARK_PIPE'>, '#-': <TokenType.HASH_DASH: 'HASH_DASH'>, '|/': <TokenType.PIPE_SLASH: 'PIPE_SLASH'>, '||/': <TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH: 'DPIPE_SLASH'>, 'BIGSERIAL': <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, 'CONSTRAINT TRIGGER': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CSTRING': <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DO': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'HSTORE': <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'NAME': <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, 'OID': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'OPERATOR': <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, 'REFRESH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REINDEX': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RESET': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SERIAL': <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, 'SMALLSERIAL': <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, 'REGCLASS': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCOLLATION': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCONFIG': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGDICTIONARY': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGNAMESPACE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPER': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPERATOR': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROC': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROCEDURE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGROLE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGTYPE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'XML': <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, '(+)': <TokenType.JOIN_MARKER: 'JOIN_MARKER'>, 'HLLSKETCH': <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, 'MINUS': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'SUPER': <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'UNLOAD': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VARBYTE': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'BINARY VARYING': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: 'HEREDOC_STRING'>}
class Redshift.Generator(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator):
147    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
148        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
149        QUERY_HINTS = False
150        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
151        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
152        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
153        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
154        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
155        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
156        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
157        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
158        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
159        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
160        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
161        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
162        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
163        ALTER_SET_TYPE = "TYPE"
164        SUPPORTS_DECODE_CASE = True
165        SUPPORTS_BETWEEN_FLAGS = False
166        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
167
168        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
169        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
170
171        TYPE_MAPPING = {
172            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
173            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
174            exp.DataType.Type.BLOB: "VARBYTE",
175            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
176            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
177            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
178            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
179            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
180        }
181
182        TRANSFORMS = {
183            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
184            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
185            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
186            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
187            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
188            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
189            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
190                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("sysdate") else "GETDATE()"
191            ),
192            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
193            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
194            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
195            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
196            exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self.explode_sql(e),
197            exp.FarmFingerprint: rename_func("FARMFINGERPRINT64"),
198            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
199            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
200            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
201            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
202            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
203            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
204            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
205                [
206                    transforms.eliminate_window_clause,
207                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
208                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
209                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
210                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
211                ]
212            ),
213            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
214            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
215            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
216            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
217            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
218            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
219            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
220            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
221            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: self._unix_to_time_sql(e),
222        }
223
224        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
225        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
226
227        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
228        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
229
230        # Redshift supports these functions
231        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
232        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
233        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
234
235        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
236            "aes128",
237            "aes256",
238            "all",
239            "allowoverwrite",
240            "analyse",
241            "analyze",
242            "and",
243            "any",
244            "array",
245            "as",
246            "asc",
247            "authorization",
248            "az64",
249            "backup",
250            "between",
251            "binary",
252            "blanksasnull",
253            "both",
254            "bytedict",
255            "bzip2",
256            "case",
257            "cast",
258            "check",
259            "collate",
260            "column",
261            "constraint",
262            "create",
263            "credentials",
264            "cross",
265            "current_date",
266            "current_time",
267            "current_timestamp",
268            "current_user",
269            "current_user_id",
270            "default",
271            "deferrable",
272            "deflate",
273            "defrag",
274            "delta",
275            "delta32k",
276            "desc",
277            "disable",
278            "distinct",
279            "do",
280            "else",
281            "emptyasnull",
282            "enable",
283            "encode",
284            "encrypt     ",
285            "encryption",
286            "end",
287            "except",
288            "explicit",
289            "false",
290            "for",
291            "foreign",
292            "freeze",
293            "from",
294            "full",
295            "globaldict256",
296            "globaldict64k",
297            "grant",
298            "group",
299            "gzip",
300            "having",
301            "identity",
302            "ignore",
303            "ilike",
304            "in",
305            "initially",
306            "inner",
307            "intersect",
308            "interval",
309            "into",
310            "is",
311            "isnull",
312            "join",
313            "leading",
314            "left",
315            "like",
316            "limit",
317            "localtime",
318            "localtimestamp",
319            "lun",
320            "luns",
321            "lzo",
322            "lzop",
323            "minus",
324            "mostly16",
325            "mostly32",
326            "mostly8",
327            "natural",
328            "new",
329            "not",
330            "notnull",
331            "null",
332            "nulls",
333            "off",
334            "offline",
335            "offset",
336            "oid",
337            "old",
338            "on",
339            "only",
340            "open",
341            "or",
342            "order",
343            "outer",
344            "overlaps",
345            "parallel",
346            "partition",
347            "percent",
348            "permissions",
349            "pivot",
350            "placing",
351            "primary",
352            "raw",
353            "readratio",
354            "recover",
355            "references",
356            "rejectlog",
357            "resort",
358            "respect",
359            "restore",
360            "right",
361            "select",
362            "session_user",
363            "similar",
364            "snapshot",
365            "some",
366            "sysdate",
367            "system",
368            "table",
369            "tag",
370            "tdes",
371            "text255",
372            "text32k",
373            "then",
374            "timestamp",
375            "to",
376            "top",
377            "trailing",
378            "true",
379            "truncatecolumns",
380            "type",
381            "union",
382            "unique",
383            "unnest",
384            "unpivot",
385            "user",
386            "using",
387            "verbose",
388            "wallet",
389            "when",
390            "where",
391            "with",
392            "without",
393        }
394
395        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
396            args = expression.expressions
397            num_args = len(args)
398
399            if num_args != 1:
400                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
401                return ""
402
403            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
404                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
405                return ""
406
407            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
408
409            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
410            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
411
412        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
413            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
414                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
415                return self.sql(expression, "this")
416
417            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
418
419        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
420            """
421            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
422            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
423            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
424            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
425            """
426            if expression.is_type("text"):
427                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
428                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
429
430                if not precision:
431                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
432
433            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
434
435        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
436            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
437            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
438            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
439            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
440            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
441            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
442
443            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
444
445        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
446            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
447                return super().array_sql(expression)
448
449            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
450
451        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
452            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
453            return ""
454
455        def _unix_to_time_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
456            scale = expression.args.get("scale")
457            this = self.sql(expression.this)
458
459            if scale is not None and scale != exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS and scale.is_int:
460                this = f"({this} / POWER(10, {scale.to_py()}))"
461
462            return f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {this} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')"

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
  • indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a WHERE clause. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
HEX_FUNC = 'TO_HEX'
PARSE_JSON_NAME = 'JSON_PARSE'
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
ALTER_SET_TYPE = 'TYPE'
SUPPORTS_DECODE_CASE = True
SUPPORTS_BETWEEN_FLAGS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = ' '
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.BLOB: 'BLOB'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'SMALLINT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'DOUBLE PRECISION', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>: 'TIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function json_path_key_only_name>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeColumns'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeWith'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConvertToCharset'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CredentialsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EnviromentProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Get'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContainsAnyTopKeys'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContainsAllTopKeys'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBDeleteAtPath'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByBucket'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionByTruncate'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PositionalColumn'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Put'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TableColumn'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingTemplateProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingData'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcDate'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcTime'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcTimestamp'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekStart'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ForceProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function filter_array_using_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAndAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOrAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXorAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function no_paren_current_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>: <function no_map_from_entries_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Merge'>: <function merge_without_target_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function no_trycast_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function _levenshtein_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBObjectAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>: <function count_if_to_sum>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function concat_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FarmFingerprint'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint'>: <function generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TableSample'>: <function no_tablesample_sql>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'bytedict', 'mostly8', 'into', 'open', 'null', 'notnull', 'backup', 'timestamp', 'wallet', 'sysdate', 'where', 'order', 'right', 'binary', 'authorization', 'ignore', 'nulls', 'freeze', 'asc', 'create', 'emptyasnull', 'old', 'minus', 'union', 'analyze', 'ilike', 'analyse', 'encode', 'left', 'text255', 'any', 'enable', 'unnest', 'resort', 'offline', 'table', 'or', 'explicit', 'references', 'initially', 'current_user', 'check', 'natural', 'like', 'az64', 'is', 'session_user', 'grant', 'top', 'placing', 'blanksasnull', 'deflate', 'recover', 'and', 'else', 'intersect', 'inner', 'defrag', 'in', 'false', 'constraint', 'mostly16', 'column', 'gzip', 'on', 'aes128', 'group', 'identity', 'partition', 'current_timestamp', 'collate', 'globaldict64k', 'type', 'as', 'only', 'current_time', 'default', 'bzip2', 'globaldict256', 'from', 'except', 'desc', 'true', 'having', 'foreign', 'delta', 'raw', 'to', 'tag', 'luns', 'similar', 'readratio', 'array', 'deferrable', 'offset', 'both', 'full', 'with', 'some', 'aes256', 'when', 'do', 'between', 'lzop', 'leading', 'unpivot', 'parallel', 'disable', 'current_date', 'encryption', 'end', 'overlaps', 'delta32k', 'all', 'lun', 'without', 'tdes', 'lzo', 'permissions', 'case', 'interval', 'localtime', 'cast', 'outer', 'current_user_id', 'then', 'restore', 'new', 'encrypt ', 'rejectlog', 'text32k', 'cross', 'trailing', 'localtimestamp', 'credentials', 'mostly32', 'using', 'join', 'limit', 'verbose', 'oid', 'for', 'respect', 'truncatecolumns', 'percent', 'snapshot', 'pivot', 'system', 'user', 'distinct', 'primary', 'isnull', 'allowoverwrite', 'off', 'not', 'unique', 'select'}
def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str:
395        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
396            args = expression.expressions
397            num_args = len(args)
398
399            if num_args != 1:
400                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
401                return ""
402
403            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
404                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
405                return ""
406
407            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
408
409            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
410            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
def cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
412        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
413            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
414                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
415                return self.sql(expression, "this")
416
417            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DataType) -> str:
419        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
420            """
421            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
422            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
423            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
424            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
425            """
426            if expression.is_type("text"):
427                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
428                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
429
430                if not precision:
431                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
432
433            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

Redshift converts the TEXT data type to VARCHAR(255) by default when people more generally mean VARCHAR of max length which is VARCHAR(max) in Redshift. Therefore if we get a TEXT data type without precision we convert it to VARCHAR(max) and if it does have precision then we just convert TEXT to VARCHAR.

def alterset_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AlterSet) -> str:
435        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
436            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
437            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
438            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
439            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
440            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
441            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
442
443            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
def array_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str:
445        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
446            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
447                return super().array_sql(expression)
448
449            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
def explode_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Explode) -> str:
451        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
452            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
453            return ""
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
QUERY_HINT_SEP
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
LIMIT_IS_TOP
RETURNING_END
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
COLLATE_IS_FUNC
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
ENSURE_BOOLS
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
INSERT_OVERWRITE
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
UNICODE_SUBSTITUTE
STAR_EXCEPT
QUOTE_JSON_PATH
PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED
SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
ALTER_SET_WRAPPED
NORMALIZE_EXTRACT_DATE_PARTS
ARRAY_SIZE_NAME
SUPPORTS_LIKE_QUANTIFIERS
MATCH_AGAINST_TABLE_PREFIX
UNSUPPORTED_TYPES
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
STRUCT_DELIMITER
EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
RESPECT_IGNORE_NULLS_UNSUPPORTED_EXPRESSIONS
SAFE_JSON_PATH_KEY_RE
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
pretty
identify
normalize
pad
unsupported_level
max_unsupported
leading_comma
max_text_width
comments
dialect
normalize_functions
unsupported_messages
generate
preprocess
unsupported
sep
seg
sanitize_comment
maybe_comment
wrap
no_identify
normalize_func
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sql
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characterset_sql
column_parts
column_sql
columnposition_sql
columndef_sql
columnconstraint_sql
autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
compresscolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
createable_sql
create_sql
sequenceproperties_sql
clone_sql
describe_sql
heredoc_sql
prepend_ctes
with_sql
cte_sql
tablealias_sql
bitstring_sql
hexstring_sql
bytestring_sql
unicodestring_sql
rawstring_sql
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delete_sql
drop_sql
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hex_sql
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national_sql
partition_sql
properties_sql
root_properties
properties
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property_sql
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journalproperty_sql
freespaceproperty_sql
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mergeblockratioproperty_sql
datablocksizeproperty_sql
blockcompressionproperty_sql
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partitionboundspec_sql
partitionedofproperty_sql
lockingproperty_sql
withdataproperty_sql
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insert_sql
introducer_sql
kill_sql
pseudotype_sql
objectidentifier_sql
onconflict_sql
returning_sql
rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
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indextablehint_sql
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table_parts
table_sql
tablefromrows_sql
tablesample_sql
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version_sql
tuple_sql
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values_sql
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rollup_sql
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convert_concat_args
concat_sql
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if_sql
jsonkeyvalue_sql
jsonpath_sql
json_path_part
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jsonobject_sql
jsonobjectagg_sql
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aliases_sql
atindex_sql
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add_sql
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or_sql
xor_sql
connector_sql
bitwiseand_sql
bitwiseleftshift_sql
bitwisenot_sql
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bitwiserightshift_sql
bitwisexor_sql
currentdate_sql
collate_sql
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mergetreettlaction_sql
mergetreettl_sql
transaction_sql
commit_sql
rollback_sql
altercolumn_sql
alterindex_sql
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altersortkey_sql
alterrename_sql
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alter_sql
altersession_sql
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droppartition_sql
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addpartition_sql
distinct_sql
ignorenulls_sql
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havingmax_sql
intdiv_sql
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div_sql
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distance_sql
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eq_sql
propertyeq_sql
escape_sql
glob_sql
gt_sql
gte_sql
is_sql
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lt_sql
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mod_sql
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binary
ceil_floor
function_fallback_sql
func
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too_wide
format_time
expressions
op_expressions
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tag_sql
token_sql
userdefinedfunction_sql
joinhint_sql
kwarg_sql
when_sql
whens_sql
merge_sql
tochar_sql
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dictproperty_sql
dictrange_sql
dictsubproperty_sql
duplicatekeyproperty_sql
uniquekeyproperty_sql
distributedbyproperty_sql
oncluster_sql
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anyvalue_sql
querytransform_sql
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checkcolumnconstraint_sql
indexcolumnconstraint_sql
nvl2_sql
comprehension_sql
columnprefix_sql
opclass_sql
predict_sql
generateembedding_sql
mltranslate_sql
mlforecast_sql
featuresattime_sql
vectorsearch_sql
forin_sql
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toarray_sql
tsordstotime_sql
tsordstotimestamp_sql
tsordstodatetime_sql
tsordstodate_sql
unixdate_sql
lastday_sql
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arrayany_sql
struct_sql
partitionrange_sql
truncatetable_sql
convert_sql
copyparameter_sql
credentials_sql
copy_sql
semicolon_sql
datadeletionproperty_sql
maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
gapfill_sql
scope_resolution
scoperesolution_sql
parsejson_sql
rand_sql
changes_sql
pad_sql
summarize_sql
explodinggenerateseries_sql
arrayconcat_sql
converttimezone_sql
json_sql
jsonvalue_sql
conditionalinsert_sql
multitableinserts_sql
oncondition_sql
jsonextractquote_sql
jsonexists_sql
arrayagg_sql
apply_sql
grant_sql
revoke_sql
grantprivilege_sql
grantprincipal_sql
columns_sql
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todouble_sql
string_sql
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overflowtruncatebehavior_sql
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attach_sql
detach_sql
attachoption_sql
watermarkcolumnconstraint_sql
encodeproperty_sql
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xmlelement_sql
xmlkeyvalueoption_sql
partitionbyrangeproperty_sql
partitionbyrangepropertydynamic_sql
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analyzehistogram_sql
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analyzelistchainedrows_sql
analyzevalidate_sql
analyze_sql
xmltable_sql
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recursivewithsearch_sql
parameterizedagg_sql
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combinedparameterizedagg_sql
show_sql
install_sql
get_put_sql
translatecharacters_sql
decodecase_sql
semanticview_sql
getextract_sql
datefromunixdate_sql
space_sql
buildproperty_sql
refreshtriggerproperty_sql
modelattribute_sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
JOIN_HINTS
TABLE_HINTS
PARAMETER_TOKEN
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS
PROPERTIES_LOCATION
round_sql
schemacommentproperty_sql
commentcolumnconstraint_sql
bracket_sql
matchagainst_sql
computedcolumnconstraint_sql
isascii_sql
currentschema_sql
interval_sql
placeholder_sql
arraycontains_sql