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sqlglot.dialects.redshift

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import typing as t
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    NormalizationStrategy,
  8    concat_to_dpipe_sql,
  9    concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
 10    date_delta_sql,
 11    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 12    json_extract_segments,
 13    no_tablesample_sql,
 14    rename_func,
 15    map_date_part,
 16)
 17from sqlglot.dialects.postgres import Postgres
 18from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
 19from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 20from sqlglot.parser import build_convert_timezone
 21
 22if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
 23    from sqlglot._typing import E
 24
 25
 26def _build_date_delta(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 27    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 28        expr = expr_type(
 29            this=seq_get(args, 2),
 30            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 31            unit=map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0)),
 32        )
 33        if expr_type is exp.TsOrDsAdd:
 34            expr.set("return_type", exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
 35
 36        return expr
 37
 38    return _builder
 39
 40
 41class Redshift(Postgres):
 42    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
 43    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 44
 45    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
 46    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
 47    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
 48    HEX_LOWERCASE = True
 49    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True
 50
 51    # ref: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_FORMAT_strings.html
 52    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
 53    TIME_MAPPING = {**Postgres.TIME_MAPPING, "MON": "%b", "HH24": "%H", "HH": "%I"}
 54
 55    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 56        FUNCTIONS = {
 57            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 58            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 59                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 60                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 61                unit=exp.var("month"),
 62                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 63            ),
 64            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
 65            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 66            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 67            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 68            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 69            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 70            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 71            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
 72                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
 73            ),
 74            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 75        }
 76
 77        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 78            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 79            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 80            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, sysdate=True),
 81        }
 82
 83        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 84
 85        def _parse_table(
 86            self,
 87            schema: bool = False,
 88            joins: bool = False,
 89            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 90            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 91            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 92            parse_partition: bool = False,
 93        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 94            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 95            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
 96            table = super()._parse_table(
 97                schema=schema,
 98                joins=joins,
 99                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
100                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
101                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
102            )
103
104            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
105
106        def _parse_convert(
107            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
108        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
109            to = self._parse_types()
110            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
111            this = self._parse_bitwise()
112            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
113
114        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
115            index = self._index - 1
116            func = self._parse_function()
117
118            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
119                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
120            self._retreat(index)
121            return None
122
123    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
124        BIT_STRINGS = []
125        HEX_STRINGS = []
126        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
127
128        KEYWORDS = {
129            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
130            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
131            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
132            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
133            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
134            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
135            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
136            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
137            "BINARY VARYING": TokenType.VARBINARY,
138        }
139        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
140
141        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
142        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
143        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
144
145    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
146        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
147        QUERY_HINTS = False
148        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
149        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
150        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
151        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
152        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
153        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
154        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
155        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
156        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
157        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
158        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
159        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
160        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
161
162        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
163        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
164
165        TYPE_MAPPING = {
166            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
167            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
168            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
169            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
170            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
171            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
172            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
173        }
174
175        TRANSFORMS = {
176            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
177            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
178            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
179            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
180            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
181            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
182            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
183                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("sysdate") else "GETDATE()"
184            ),
185            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
186            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
187            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
188            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
189            exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self.explode_sql(e),
190            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
191            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
192            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
193            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
194            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
195            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
196            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
197                [
198                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
199                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
200                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
201                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
202                ]
203            ),
204            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
205            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
206            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
207            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
208            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
209            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
210            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
211            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
212            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
213            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
214        }
215
216        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
217        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
218
219        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
220        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
221
222        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
223        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
224
225        # Redshift supports these functions
226        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
227        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
228        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
229
230        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
231            "aes128",
232            "aes256",
233            "all",
234            "allowoverwrite",
235            "analyse",
236            "analyze",
237            "and",
238            "any",
239            "array",
240            "as",
241            "asc",
242            "authorization",
243            "az64",
244            "backup",
245            "between",
246            "binary",
247            "blanksasnull",
248            "both",
249            "bytedict",
250            "bzip2",
251            "case",
252            "cast",
253            "check",
254            "collate",
255            "column",
256            "constraint",
257            "create",
258            "credentials",
259            "cross",
260            "current_date",
261            "current_time",
262            "current_timestamp",
263            "current_user",
264            "current_user_id",
265            "default",
266            "deferrable",
267            "deflate",
268            "defrag",
269            "delta",
270            "delta32k",
271            "desc",
272            "disable",
273            "distinct",
274            "do",
275            "else",
276            "emptyasnull",
277            "enable",
278            "encode",
279            "encrypt     ",
280            "encryption",
281            "end",
282            "except",
283            "explicit",
284            "false",
285            "for",
286            "foreign",
287            "freeze",
288            "from",
289            "full",
290            "globaldict256",
291            "globaldict64k",
292            "grant",
293            "group",
294            "gzip",
295            "having",
296            "identity",
297            "ignore",
298            "ilike",
299            "in",
300            "initially",
301            "inner",
302            "intersect",
303            "interval",
304            "into",
305            "is",
306            "isnull",
307            "join",
308            "leading",
309            "left",
310            "like",
311            "limit",
312            "localtime",
313            "localtimestamp",
314            "lun",
315            "luns",
316            "lzo",
317            "lzop",
318            "minus",
319            "mostly16",
320            "mostly32",
321            "mostly8",
322            "natural",
323            "new",
324            "not",
325            "notnull",
326            "null",
327            "nulls",
328            "off",
329            "offline",
330            "offset",
331            "oid",
332            "old",
333            "on",
334            "only",
335            "open",
336            "or",
337            "order",
338            "outer",
339            "overlaps",
340            "parallel",
341            "partition",
342            "percent",
343            "permissions",
344            "pivot",
345            "placing",
346            "primary",
347            "raw",
348            "readratio",
349            "recover",
350            "references",
351            "rejectlog",
352            "resort",
353            "respect",
354            "restore",
355            "right",
356            "select",
357            "session_user",
358            "similar",
359            "snapshot",
360            "some",
361            "sysdate",
362            "system",
363            "table",
364            "tag",
365            "tdes",
366            "text255",
367            "text32k",
368            "then",
369            "timestamp",
370            "to",
371            "top",
372            "trailing",
373            "true",
374            "truncatecolumns",
375            "type",
376            "union",
377            "unique",
378            "unnest",
379            "unpivot",
380            "user",
381            "using",
382            "verbose",
383            "wallet",
384            "when",
385            "where",
386            "with",
387            "without",
388        }
389
390        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
391            args = expression.expressions
392            num_args = len(args)
393
394            if num_args != 1:
395                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
396                return ""
397
398            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
399                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
400                return ""
401
402            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
403
404            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
405            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
406
407        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
408            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
409                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
410                return self.sql(expression, "this")
411
412            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
413
414        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
415            """
416            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
417            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
418            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
419            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
420            """
421            if expression.is_type("text"):
422                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
423                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
424
425                if not precision:
426                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
427
428            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
429
430        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
431            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
432            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
433            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
434            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
435            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
436            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
437
438            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
439
440        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
441            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
442                return super().array_sql(expression)
443
444            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
445
446        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
447            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
448            return ""
class Redshift(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres):
 42class Redshift(Postgres):
 43    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
 44    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 45
 46    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
 47    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
 48    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
 49    HEX_LOWERCASE = True
 50    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True
 51
 52    # ref: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_FORMAT_strings.html
 53    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
 54    TIME_MAPPING = {**Postgres.TIME_MAPPING, "MON": "%b", "HH24": "%H", "HH": "%I"}
 55
 56    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 57        FUNCTIONS = {
 58            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 59            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 60                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 61                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 62                unit=exp.var("month"),
 63                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 64            ),
 65            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
 66            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 67            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 68            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 69            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 70            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 71            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 72            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
 73                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
 74            ),
 75            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 76        }
 77
 78        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 79            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 80            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 81            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, sysdate=True),
 82        }
 83
 84        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 85
 86        def _parse_table(
 87            self,
 88            schema: bool = False,
 89            joins: bool = False,
 90            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 91            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 92            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 93            parse_partition: bool = False,
 94        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 95            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 96            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
 97            table = super()._parse_table(
 98                schema=schema,
 99                joins=joins,
100                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
101                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
102                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
103            )
104
105            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
106
107        def _parse_convert(
108            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
109        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
110            to = self._parse_types()
111            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
112            this = self._parse_bitwise()
113            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
114
115        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
116            index = self._index - 1
117            func = self._parse_function()
118
119            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
120                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
121            self._retreat(index)
122            return None
123
124    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
125        BIT_STRINGS = []
126        HEX_STRINGS = []
127        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
128
129        KEYWORDS = {
130            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
131            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
132            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
133            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
134            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
135            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
136            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
137            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
138            "BINARY VARYING": TokenType.VARBINARY,
139        }
140        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
141
142        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
143        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
144        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
145
146    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
147        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
148        QUERY_HINTS = False
149        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
150        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
151        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
152        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
153        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
154        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
155        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
156        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
157        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
158        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
159        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
160        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
161        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
162
163        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
164        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
165
166        TYPE_MAPPING = {
167            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
168            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
169            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
170            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
171            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
172            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
173            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
174        }
175
176        TRANSFORMS = {
177            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
178            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
179            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
180            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
181            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
182            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
183            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
184                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("sysdate") else "GETDATE()"
185            ),
186            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
187            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
188            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
189            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
190            exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self.explode_sql(e),
191            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
192            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
193            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
194            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
195            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
196            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
197            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
198                [
199                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
200                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
201                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
202                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
203                ]
204            ),
205            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
206            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
207            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
208            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
209            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
210            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
211            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
212            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
213            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
214            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
215        }
216
217        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
218        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
219
220        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
221        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
222
223        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
224        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
225
226        # Redshift supports these functions
227        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
228        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
229        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
230
231        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
232            "aes128",
233            "aes256",
234            "all",
235            "allowoverwrite",
236            "analyse",
237            "analyze",
238            "and",
239            "any",
240            "array",
241            "as",
242            "asc",
243            "authorization",
244            "az64",
245            "backup",
246            "between",
247            "binary",
248            "blanksasnull",
249            "both",
250            "bytedict",
251            "bzip2",
252            "case",
253            "cast",
254            "check",
255            "collate",
256            "column",
257            "constraint",
258            "create",
259            "credentials",
260            "cross",
261            "current_date",
262            "current_time",
263            "current_timestamp",
264            "current_user",
265            "current_user_id",
266            "default",
267            "deferrable",
268            "deflate",
269            "defrag",
270            "delta",
271            "delta32k",
272            "desc",
273            "disable",
274            "distinct",
275            "do",
276            "else",
277            "emptyasnull",
278            "enable",
279            "encode",
280            "encrypt     ",
281            "encryption",
282            "end",
283            "except",
284            "explicit",
285            "false",
286            "for",
287            "foreign",
288            "freeze",
289            "from",
290            "full",
291            "globaldict256",
292            "globaldict64k",
293            "grant",
294            "group",
295            "gzip",
296            "having",
297            "identity",
298            "ignore",
299            "ilike",
300            "in",
301            "initially",
302            "inner",
303            "intersect",
304            "interval",
305            "into",
306            "is",
307            "isnull",
308            "join",
309            "leading",
310            "left",
311            "like",
312            "limit",
313            "localtime",
314            "localtimestamp",
315            "lun",
316            "luns",
317            "lzo",
318            "lzop",
319            "minus",
320            "mostly16",
321            "mostly32",
322            "mostly8",
323            "natural",
324            "new",
325            "not",
326            "notnull",
327            "null",
328            "nulls",
329            "off",
330            "offline",
331            "offset",
332            "oid",
333            "old",
334            "on",
335            "only",
336            "open",
337            "or",
338            "order",
339            "outer",
340            "overlaps",
341            "parallel",
342            "partition",
343            "percent",
344            "permissions",
345            "pivot",
346            "placing",
347            "primary",
348            "raw",
349            "readratio",
350            "recover",
351            "references",
352            "rejectlog",
353            "resort",
354            "respect",
355            "restore",
356            "right",
357            "select",
358            "session_user",
359            "similar",
360            "snapshot",
361            "some",
362            "sysdate",
363            "system",
364            "table",
365            "tag",
366            "tdes",
367            "text255",
368            "text32k",
369            "then",
370            "timestamp",
371            "to",
372            "top",
373            "trailing",
374            "true",
375            "truncatecolumns",
376            "type",
377            "union",
378            "unique",
379            "unnest",
380            "unpivot",
381            "user",
382            "using",
383            "verbose",
384            "wallet",
385            "when",
386            "where",
387            "with",
388            "without",
389        }
390
391        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
392            args = expression.expressions
393            num_args = len(args)
394
395            if num_args != 1:
396                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
397                return ""
398
399            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
400                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
401                return ""
402
403            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
404
405            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
406            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
407
408        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
409            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
410                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
411                return self.sql(expression, "this")
412
413            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
414
415        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
416            """
417            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
418            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
419            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
420            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
421            """
422            if expression.is_type("text"):
423                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
424                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
425
426                if not precision:
427                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
428
429            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
430
431        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
432            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
433            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
434            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
435            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
436            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
437            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
438
439            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
440
441        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
442            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
443                return super().array_sql(expression)
444
445            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
446
447        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
448            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
449            return ""
NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

INDEX_OFFSET = 0

The base index offset for arrays.

COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False

Whether COPY statement parameters are separated by comma or whitespace

HEX_LOWERCASE = True

Whether the HEX function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string.

HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True

Whether the ARRAY constructor is context-sensitive, i.e in Redshift ARRAY[1, 2, 3] != ARRAY(1, 2, 3) as the former is of type INT[] vs the latter which is SUPER

TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'AM': '%p', 'PM': '%p', 'D': '%u', 'DD': '%d', 'DDD': '%j', 'FMDD': '%-d', 'FMDDD': '%-j', 'FMHH12': '%-I', 'FMHH24': '%-H', 'FMMI': '%-M', 'FMMM': '%-m', 'FMSS': '%-S', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'MI': '%M', 'MM': '%m', 'OF': '%z', 'SS': '%S', 'TMDay': '%A', 'TMDy': '%a', 'TMMon': '%b', 'TMMonth': '%B', 'TZ': '%Z', 'US': '%f', 'WW': '%U', 'YY': '%y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'MON': '%b', 'HH': '%I'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python strftime formats.

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = True

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (\n) to its unescaped version ( ).

tokenizer_class = <class 'Redshift.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Redshift.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Redshift.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%p': 'PM', '%u': 'D', '%d': 'DD', '%j': 'DDD', '%-d': 'FMDD', '%-j': 'FMDDD', '%-I': 'FMHH12', '%-H': 'FMHH24', '%-M': 'FMMI', '%-m': 'FMMM', '%-S': 'FMSS', '%I': 'HH', '%H': 'HH24', '%M': 'MI', '%m': 'MM', '%z': 'OF', '%S': 'SS', '%A': 'TMDay', '%a': 'TMDy', '%b': 'MON', '%B': 'TMMonth', '%Z': 'TZ', '%f': 'US', '%U': 'WW', '%y': 'YY', '%Y': 'YYYY'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'p': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'z': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'a': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'Z': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}, 'U': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v', '\\': '\\\\'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "e'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
class Redshift.Parser(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser):
 56    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 57        FUNCTIONS = {
 58            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 59            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 60                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 61                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 62                unit=exp.var("month"),
 63                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 64            ),
 65            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
 66            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 67            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 68            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 69            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 70            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 71            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 72            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
 73                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
 74            ),
 75            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 76        }
 77
 78        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 79            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 80            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 81            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, sysdate=True),
 82        }
 83
 84        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 85
 86        def _parse_table(
 87            self,
 88            schema: bool = False,
 89            joins: bool = False,
 90            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 91            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 92            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 93            parse_partition: bool = False,
 94        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 95            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 96            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
 97            table = super()._parse_table(
 98                schema=schema,
 99                joins=joins,
100                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
101                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
102                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
103            )
104
105            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
106
107        def _parse_convert(
108            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
109        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
110            to = self._parse_types()
111            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
112            this = self._parse_bitwise()
113            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
114
115        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
116            index = self._index - 1
117            func = self._parse_function()
118
119            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
120                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
121            self._retreat(index)
122            return None

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Contains'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function build_timestamp_trunc>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 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method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FeaturesAtTime'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'FROM_ISO8601_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 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method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': 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method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'DIV': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'TO_DATE': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_to_timestamp>, 'SHA256': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA384': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA512': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL': <function _build_levenshtein_less_equal>, 'DATEADD': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'GETDATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'LISTAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'SPLIT_TO_ARRAY': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRTOL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NEXT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'APPROXIMATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSDATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ALTERABLES
INTERVAL_VARS
ALIAS_TOKENS
ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
ASSIGNMENT
DISJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
TERM
FACTOR
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
JOIN_HINTS
LAMBDAS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
STRING_PARSERS
NUMERIC_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
TYPE_CONVERTERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
CONFLICT_ACTIONS
CREATE_SEQUENCE
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
USABLES
CAST_ACTIONS
SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
PROCEDURE_OPTIONS
EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
SELECT_START_TOKENS
COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
DESCRIBE_STYLES
OPERATION_MODIFIERS
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
STRING_ALIASES
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
INTERVAL_SPANS
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser
PROPERTY_PARSERS
FUNCTION_PARSERS
BITWISE
EXPONENT
RANGE_PARSERS
STATEMENT_PARSERS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
COLUMN_OPERATORS
class Redshift.Tokenizer(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Tokenizer):
124    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
125        BIT_STRINGS = []
126        HEX_STRINGS = []
127        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
128
129        KEYWORDS = {
130            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
131            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
132            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
133            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
134            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
135            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
136            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
137            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
138            "BINARY VARYING": TokenType.VARBINARY,
139        }
140        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
141
142        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
143        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
144        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
BIT_STRINGS = []
HEX_STRINGS = []
STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\', "'"]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '~': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, '@@': <TokenType.DAT: 'DAT'>, '@>': <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>, '<@': <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>, '|/': <TokenType.PIPE_SLASH: 'PIPE_SLASH'>, '||/': <TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH: 'DPIPE_SLASH'>, 'BEGIN TRANSACTION': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BIGSERIAL': <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CONSTRAINT TRIGGER': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CSTRING': <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DO': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'HSTORE': <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'NAME': <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, 'OID': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'OPERATOR': <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, 'REFRESH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REINDEX': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RESET': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REVOKE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SERIAL': <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, 'SMALLSERIAL': <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, 'REGCLASS': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCOLLATION': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCONFIG': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGDICTIONARY': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGNAMESPACE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPER': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPERATOR': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROC': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROCEDURE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGROLE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGTYPE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, '(+)': <TokenType.JOIN_MARKER: 'JOIN_MARKER'>, 'HLLSKETCH': <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, 'MINUS': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'SUPER': <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'UNLOAD': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VARBYTE': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'BINARY VARYING': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: 'HEREDOC_STRING'>}
class Redshift.Generator(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator):
146    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
147        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
148        QUERY_HINTS = False
149        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
150        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
151        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
152        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
153        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
154        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
155        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
156        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
157        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
158        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
159        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
160        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
161        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
162
163        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
164        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
165
166        TYPE_MAPPING = {
167            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
168            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
169            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
170            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
171            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
172            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
173            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
174        }
175
176        TRANSFORMS = {
177            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
178            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
179            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
180            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
181            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
182            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
183            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
184                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("sysdate") else "GETDATE()"
185            ),
186            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
187            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
188            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
189            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
190            exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self.explode_sql(e),
191            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
192            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
193            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
194            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
195            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
196            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
197            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
198                [
199                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
200                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
201                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
202                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
203                ]
204            ),
205            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
206            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
207            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
208            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
209            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
210            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
211            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
212            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
213            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
214            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
215        }
216
217        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
218        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
219
220        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
221        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
222
223        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
224        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
225
226        # Redshift supports these functions
227        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
228        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
229        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
230
231        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
232            "aes128",
233            "aes256",
234            "all",
235            "allowoverwrite",
236            "analyse",
237            "analyze",
238            "and",
239            "any",
240            "array",
241            "as",
242            "asc",
243            "authorization",
244            "az64",
245            "backup",
246            "between",
247            "binary",
248            "blanksasnull",
249            "both",
250            "bytedict",
251            "bzip2",
252            "case",
253            "cast",
254            "check",
255            "collate",
256            "column",
257            "constraint",
258            "create",
259            "credentials",
260            "cross",
261            "current_date",
262            "current_time",
263            "current_timestamp",
264            "current_user",
265            "current_user_id",
266            "default",
267            "deferrable",
268            "deflate",
269            "defrag",
270            "delta",
271            "delta32k",
272            "desc",
273            "disable",
274            "distinct",
275            "do",
276            "else",
277            "emptyasnull",
278            "enable",
279            "encode",
280            "encrypt     ",
281            "encryption",
282            "end",
283            "except",
284            "explicit",
285            "false",
286            "for",
287            "foreign",
288            "freeze",
289            "from",
290            "full",
291            "globaldict256",
292            "globaldict64k",
293            "grant",
294            "group",
295            "gzip",
296            "having",
297            "identity",
298            "ignore",
299            "ilike",
300            "in",
301            "initially",
302            "inner",
303            "intersect",
304            "interval",
305            "into",
306            "is",
307            "isnull",
308            "join",
309            "leading",
310            "left",
311            "like",
312            "limit",
313            "localtime",
314            "localtimestamp",
315            "lun",
316            "luns",
317            "lzo",
318            "lzop",
319            "minus",
320            "mostly16",
321            "mostly32",
322            "mostly8",
323            "natural",
324            "new",
325            "not",
326            "notnull",
327            "null",
328            "nulls",
329            "off",
330            "offline",
331            "offset",
332            "oid",
333            "old",
334            "on",
335            "only",
336            "open",
337            "or",
338            "order",
339            "outer",
340            "overlaps",
341            "parallel",
342            "partition",
343            "percent",
344            "permissions",
345            "pivot",
346            "placing",
347            "primary",
348            "raw",
349            "readratio",
350            "recover",
351            "references",
352            "rejectlog",
353            "resort",
354            "respect",
355            "restore",
356            "right",
357            "select",
358            "session_user",
359            "similar",
360            "snapshot",
361            "some",
362            "sysdate",
363            "system",
364            "table",
365            "tag",
366            "tdes",
367            "text255",
368            "text32k",
369            "then",
370            "timestamp",
371            "to",
372            "top",
373            "trailing",
374            "true",
375            "truncatecolumns",
376            "type",
377            "union",
378            "unique",
379            "unnest",
380            "unpivot",
381            "user",
382            "using",
383            "verbose",
384            "wallet",
385            "when",
386            "where",
387            "with",
388            "without",
389        }
390
391        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
392            args = expression.expressions
393            num_args = len(args)
394
395            if num_args != 1:
396                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
397                return ""
398
399            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
400                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
401                return ""
402
403            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
404
405            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
406            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
407
408        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
409            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
410                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
411                return self.sql(expression, "this")
412
413            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
414
415        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
416            """
417            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
418            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
419            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
420            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
421            """
422            if expression.is_type("text"):
423                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
424                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
425
426                if not precision:
427                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
428
429            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
430
431        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
432            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
433            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
434            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
435            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
436            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
437            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
438
439            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
440
441        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
442            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
443                return super().array_sql(expression)
444
445            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
446
447        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
448            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
449            return ""

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
  • indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a WHERE clause. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
HEX_FUNC = 'TO_HEX'
PARSE_JSON_NAME = 'JSON_PARSE'
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = ' '
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'SMALLINT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'DOUBLE PRECISION', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>: 'TIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function json_path_key_only_name>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function filter_array_using_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function no_paren_current_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>: <function no_map_from_entries_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Merge'>: <function merge_without_target_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function str_position_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function no_trycast_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function _levenshtein_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function concat_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint'>: <function generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TableSample'>: <function no_tablesample_sql>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'without', 'ilike', 'distinct', 'identity', 'sysdate', 'some', 'delta', 'emptyasnull', 'truncatecolumns', 'allowoverwrite', 'analyze', 'respect', 'parallel', 'end', 'current_time', 'pivot', 'asc', 'is', 'then', 'mostly32', 'natural', 'encrypt ', 'check', 'session_user', 'lzo', 'aes128', 'create', 'null', 'resort', 'all', 'notnull', 'where', 'constraint', 'join', 'permissions', 'unpivot', 'like', 'array', 'offline', 'having', 'true', 'tdes', 'backup', 'for', 'open', 'leading', 'globaldict256', 'analyse', 'select', 'when', 'case', 'outer', 'percent', 'deflate', 'overlaps', 'between', 'inner', 'top', 'trailing', 'system', 'grant', 'nulls', 'to', 'intersect', 'and', 'else', 'except', 'current_date', 'localtimestamp', 'recover', 'collate', 'freeze', 'defrag', 'default', 'on', 'minus', 'placing', 'disable', 'localtime', 'mostly16', 'in', 'readratio', 'column', 'user', 'az64', 'snapshot', 'as', 'old', 'false', 'gzip', 'any', 'limit', 'with', 'partition', 'explicit', 'isnull', 'blanksasnull', 'table', 'into', 'globaldict64k', 'oid', 'credentials', 'encryption', 'bytedict', 'enable', 'unique', 'not', 'timestamp', 'off', 'order', 'aes256', 'tag', 'primary', 'rejectlog', 'current_user_id', 'group', 'using', 'delta32k', 'left', 'bzip2', 'full', 'or', 'authorization', 'current_timestamp', 'cast', 'foreign', 'verbose', 'luns', 'unnest', 'lzop', 'cross', 'text255', 'current_user', 'similar', 'text32k', 'references', 'ignore', 'both', 'binary', 'only', 'deferrable', 'restore', 'union', 'from', 'encode', 'offset', 'raw', 'type', 'new', 'initially', 'wallet', 'desc', 'do', 'right', 'lun', 'interval', 'mostly8'}
def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str:
391        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
392            args = expression.expressions
393            num_args = len(args)
394
395            if num_args != 1:
396                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
397                return ""
398
399            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
400                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
401                return ""
402
403            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
404
405            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
406            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
def cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
408        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
409            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
410                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
411                return self.sql(expression, "this")
412
413            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DataType) -> str:
415        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
416            """
417            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
418            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
419            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
420            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
421            """
422            if expression.is_type("text"):
423                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
424                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
425
426                if not precision:
427                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
428
429            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

Redshift converts the TEXT data type to VARCHAR(255) by default when people more generally mean VARCHAR of max length which is VARCHAR(max) in Redshift. Therefore if we get a TEXT data type without precision we convert it to VARCHAR(max) and if it does have precision then we just convert TEXT to VARCHAR.

def alterset_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AlterSet) -> str:
431        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
432            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
433            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
434            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
435            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
436            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
437            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
438
439            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
def array_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str:
441        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
442            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
443                return super().array_sql(expression)
444
445            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
def explode_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Explode) -> str:
447        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
448            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
449            return ""
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
LIMIT_FETCH
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
QUERY_HINT_SEP
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
LIMIT_IS_TOP
RETURNING_END
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
COLLATE_IS_FUNC
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
ENSURE_BOOLS
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
INSERT_OVERWRITE
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
STAR_EXCEPT
QUOTE_JSON_PATH
PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED
SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
ARRAY_SIZE_NAME
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
STRUCT_DELIMITER
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
pretty
identify
normalize
pad
unsupported_level
max_unsupported
leading_comma
max_text_width
comments
dialect
normalize_functions
unsupported_messages
generate
preprocess
unsupported
sep
seg
pad_comment
maybe_comment
wrap
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sql
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column_sql
columnposition_sql
columndef_sql
columnconstraint_sql
computedcolumnconstraint_sql
autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
compresscolumnconstraint_sql
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jsonobject_sql
jsonobjectagg_sql
jsonarray_sql
jsonarrayagg_sql
jsoncolumndef_sql
jsonschema_sql
jsontable_sql
openjsoncolumndef_sql
openjson_sql
in_sql
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interval_sql
return_sql
reference_sql
anonymous_sql
paren_sql
neg_sql
not_sql
alias_sql
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atindex_sql
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add_sql
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or_sql
xor_sql
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bitwiseand_sql
bitwiseleftshift_sql
bitwisenot_sql
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bitwiserightshift_sql
bitwisexor_sql
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mergetreettl_sql
transaction_sql
commit_sql
rollback_sql
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altersortkey_sql
alterrename_sql
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alter_sql
add_column_sql
droppartition_sql
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ignorenulls_sql
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havingmax_sql
intdiv_sql
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div_sql
overlaps_sql
distance_sql
dot_sql
eq_sql
propertyeq_sql
escape_sql
glob_sql
gt_sql
gte_sql
ilike_sql
ilikeany_sql
is_sql
like_sql
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similarto_sql
lt_sql
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mod_sql
mul_sql
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nullsafeeq_sql
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slice_sql
sub_sql
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binary
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func
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too_wide
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expressions
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naked_property
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joinhint_sql
kwarg_sql
when_sql
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nvl2_sql
comprehension_sql
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opclass_sql
predict_sql
forin_sql
refresh_sql
toarray_sql
tsordstotime_sql
tsordstotimestamp_sql
tsordstodatetime_sql
tsordstodate_sql
unixdate_sql
lastday_sql
dateadd_sql
arrayany_sql
struct_sql
partitionrange_sql
truncatetable_sql
convert_sql
copyparameter_sql
credentials_sql
copy_sql
semicolon_sql
datadeletionproperty_sql
maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
gapfill_sql
scope_resolution
scoperesolution_sql
parsejson_sql
rand_sql
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pad_sql
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arrayconcat_sql
converttimezone_sql
json_sql
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conditionalinsert_sql
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apply_sql
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attach_sql
detach_sql
attachoption_sql
featuresattime_sql
watermarkcolumnconstraint_sql
encodeproperty_sql
includeproperty_sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
JOIN_HINTS
TABLE_HINTS
PARAMETER_TOKEN
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS
PROPERTIES_LOCATION
schemacommentproperty_sql
commentcolumnconstraint_sql
bracket_sql
matchagainst_sql